Marie de Frances Eliduc, Boccaccios Ninth Tale of the Fifth Day, and Shakespeares As You Like It :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing Women in Marie de Frances Eliduc, Boccaccios Ninth Tale of the Fifth Day, and Shakespeares As You Like It Whether it is Greco-Roman, Judeo-Christian, or Renaissance writing, women have endlessly played a significant role in literature. Sometimes they act as counterparts to men, but sometimes they dominate the storyline themselves. Helen of Troy, Guildeluec, Monna Giovanna, and Rosalind, among others, prove to be salutary as vital characters as the men in their stories. Whether it is beauty, kindness, or strength, each one contributes significantly to the grandeur of the classic in which she is a part. Helen of Troy is mayhap one of the most famous women of all literature. It is her beauty that Paris desires, and it is her abduction by this handsome youth that brings the Greeks and Trojans to war. Helen is powerful although the Hellenic tradition stresses the splendour of mens achievement. Sparking a war is quite a task for one woman to accomplish, and yet Helen in Homers The Iliad does not play an active role as Achilles does. She is a conventional beautiful woman, whose physical appearance is all that counts, and her beauty becomes only a curse. As a woman, she is no more than an object of possession. Nowhere in the expansive does the reader really gain insight into how she thinks or feels. In Marie de Frances Eliduc, Guildeluec is Eliducs wife, or first wife, who is a devout Christian. She, as well as the story, puts great importance on the pleasing of God. The Judeo-Christian tradition is known for Gods adoration rather than mans achievement. The portrayal of Guildeluec, which is rather unrealistic, adds to the storys fairy-tale style. Guildeluec is the loyal wife who waits patiently at home trance her husband fights for the good of his country as well as his Lord. She waits patiently once again when he leaves to help another king since his own sovereign no longer trusts him. Eliduc meets the kings daughter and falls in hunch over, despite the fact that he has promised his wife he would never leave her. When Guildeluec realizes that her husband is in love with another woman, she not only saves this womans life, but gives her to Eliduc as well. The fairy-tale characteristics come into play here because no woman in real life would be so kind if her husband cheated on her.

Equal Opportunities for Disabled Americans :: Research Papers

Equal Opportunities for Disabled Americans Life for the incapacitate can be difficult somaticly, emotionally, and financially. Donley Jones talked about his hardships as a disabled American worker in a personal interview on November 25, 2004. However, there have been several legislative changes in the United States, which have put forth the opportunities that many destitution and lower level families have needed to move to higher grounds financially. Cleaver states that there have been many laws and propels put forth by sexual intercourse to irritate this move easier for disabled Americans. Donley, a 37 year old janitor at the Johnson City Mall, is legally blind. Donley negotiation of the prejudices that left him and his family in poverty. He talks of his struggle to provide for his family and how hard it was to get out of poverty. Donley remembers not knowing how he would ever be able to provide opportunities for his children, such as place them through college, with his inco me. Donley tells of how he believes the government had a lot to do with his ability to move his family out of poverty. The Disabilities Discrimination act of 1995 came into effect on December 2, 1996 (Lockwood 1). Lockwood tells of how this act provided equal opportunities in the work force for disabled Americans . The Act states that to be covered under the act, a person must have a physical or mental impairment, such as but not limited to loss of eyesight, which lasts at least one year (Lockwood 2). Lockwoods article similarly states that the impairment must burden daily activities or put the person in risks of danger The law states that the employer may be required to make certain(prenominal) adjustments for disabled people to be employed. Lockwood stresses how important it is for employers not to discriminate against disabled workers. The employer will be committing discrimination, says Lock wood, if he or she refuses to hire treats a disabled person different than the way he or she would treat a person with out a disability. Section 6 of the Act states that an employer must make necessary changes to the work place (Lockwood 2). According to Lockwood these changes must make give disabled employees the same advantages they would have if they were not disabled. If a person feels they are beingness discriminated against they can file a lawsuit (Lockwood 5). Lockwood tells of several of the lawsuits have been filed since the act since the act took effect.

Essay --

Late 2010, early 2011, a series of demonstrations and protests began to rise in the Arab world. These protests redeem become known as the Arab Spring, or, as someone else call(a)ed it, the Arab awakening. Those Arab uprisings had removed many authoritarian leaders from their positions on the other hand, some governments confront this problem using repression and some fake promises toward their people. The Arab world was living a difficult economic and social situation as in Europe in 1848. Poverty, rising food prices, inflation, human rights violation, and high unemployment were the main phenomena the Arabs were facing. In addition there was much corruption of Arab leaders as shown by some of the WikiLeaks diplomatic cables. The main reasons of the Arab revolts are not limited to internal causes, so it is outstanding to analyze the international causes such as the failure of the war on terror, the Iraqi war and the U.S.A - European strategy of the imported democracy. The protests witnessed in some of the Arab countries are somehow an expression of dissatisfaction with the economic situation. This also creates a political tension resulting from the absence seizure of people say in power.The Tunisian revolution that took place in the self-immolation of Mohamad Bouazizi on 18 December 2010 in protest of police corruption and sinister treatment, has shaken authoritarian leaders across the Arab world in areas such as Egypt, Libya, Yemen, and Bahrain. The article, which appeared under the title A prayer for the health of the rais, began by stating that of all the worlds statesmen, the one closest to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Thanks to Mubarak, Egypt became a strategic ally of Israel, as well as Israel... ...opean origins. The important fact is that the way Islamism, communism and secularism have experienced many various signification with its national, regional and religious context. Applying this to secularism, Jako bsen and Pellegrini Fenella cannel have suggested to talk about secular traditions earlier than secularism, secularization, or the secular in india, turkey, france, and many other countries with more or less homogenous histories of secularizations and debates about secularism.If we apply this approach to the Arab Region, it might be come-at-able to identify some interconnected secular traditions in the Levant, the gulf, and North Africa. Reactions on the need for a secular state firstly appeared in the late faggot period, or in the arab cultural movement known as the Nahda. In the early 20th century, many ideological currents influenced Arab intelligentsias.

The American Dream: The Essence of America Essay examples -- Essays on

From the birth of America, to America today, the driving force and the heart of America has always been the American ideate. The American Dream is a goal for many of people who live in the realms of the Americanized world. I believe that the American Dream is controlling my own destiny, becoming successful, and living free. Examples of this trance are things like television, automobiles, supermarkets, malls, Internet, planes, trains, etc. The American Dream is success, freedom, and being able to control your own destiny. Becoming successful has been the dreams of many people of the past and interpret and I think that it is one the most important things that a person must accomplish. Anyone and everyone can develop into a successful person, permitting that the person believes i...

Social Networking: The Death of Privacy? Essay -- Social Media, Facebo

brotherly networks have become an increasingly popular way for multitude to communicate over the last decade. Whether it is through a wall post, a picture, a video, or a link, users are able to share stories and details about their lives through social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, and YouTube. Mark Zuckerberg, a Harvard educatee who hacked the universitys network to obtain photos and education about other students on campus, created Facebook in 2004. Today, Facebook has more than one billion weekly active users. According to information found on Facebooks web put, Millions of people use Facebook every day to keep up with friends, upload an unlimited number of photos, share links and videos, and determine more about the people they meet.However, if the man behind all of this was a hacker himself, what might this say about the security of the website itself?Just how safe is this site and others?The truth of the matter is social networking sites are only as safe as a user makes them.Unfortunately, many of the free privacy settings available for users on the internet are not the default. To protect themselves, users must be sure to censor what they post online and activate the appropriate privacy settings to secure their information. Individuals who share their individual(prenominal) information online must realize that anything they post has the potential to be viewed by millions of people online, not just their friends. As authors Dianne Timm and Carolyn Duven suggest,When an individual shares information on a social networking site, he or she is sharing that information with the rest of the world even if the intent was to share with only a select group of people (Timm and Duven 90). The reality o... ...Premier. Web. 25 Apr. 2015.Marsico Jr., Edward M. Social Networking Websites Are Myspace And Facebook The Fingerprints Of The Twenty-First Century?Widener Law Journal19.3 (2010) 967-976.Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Mar. 2015.Miller, Robe rt, Kristine Parsons, and David Lifer. Students And Social Networking Sites The Posting Paradox.Behaviour & knowledge Technology29.4 (2010) 377-382.Academic Search Premier. Web. 19 Apr. 2015.Teclehaimanot, Berhane, and Torey Hickman. Student-Teacher Interaction On Facebook What Students Find Appropriate.Techtrends Linking Research & Practice To Improve Learning 55.3 (2011) 19-30.Academic Search Premier. Web. 25 Apr. 2015Timm, Dianne M., and Carolyn J. Duven. Privacy And Social Networking Sites.New Directions For Student Services124 (2008) 89-101.Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 Feb. 2015.

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 :: Free Essays on 1984

The Orwells perception of an ideal government is pretty often the same as Montesqueue describes in Persian letters. They both seem to think that the best government would be one in which power was balanced among three groups of officials. As hostile to totalitarian regime of the Party, Montesques ideal government would be the government elected by people and not a product of a irresponsible rulers ideas. He, as well as the Orwell believed that the success of democracy- a government in which the people have the power - depended upon maintaining the right balance of power. Moreover, the just now room of achieving this would be dividing power onto three branches an authority that enforced laws (like a king), Parliament, which made laws, and the judges in courts who interpreted laws. According to Montesqueue it is called separation of powers. Avoiding placing too much power on one individual or group of individuals would certainly prevent totalitarian governments of coming into exi stence. Therefore, no branch of the government could threaten the license of the people.Orwells society displays a threatening projection of a totalitarian system into the future. Indeed it is a regime very similar to the tyrannies of the 20th speed of light and strongly echoes Stalin Russia or Nazi Germany. The dominant mood inside this repressive system is one of threat and suppression due to the systematic persecution and oppression of non-conformists. As Goldstein explains in his Oligarchical Collectivism there have always been three classes the high, the middle and the low with the middle and the high constantly changing their respective position. eventually this movement was identified by historians as being cyclical. In an attempt to interrupt this recurring pattern the Party is essentially focusing on the task of Stability. Indeed Stability becomes principal in Oceania as well as in the other two superpowers Eastasia and Eurasia. In short it is the problem of how to keep things the way they are and maintain a hierarchical society without risking an overthrow of the established system. Several devices and attitudes have been conceived to achieve this aim. First of all the Party constantly controls and monitors its subjects. A crucial device in this scheme is the telescreen which, by being able to send as well as to receive information, allows a constant watchfulness of all Party members. In addition other institutions such as the Thought Police or the Spies have been contrived to guarantee a utmost of surveillance.

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 :: Free Essays on 1984

The Orwells perception of an ideal government is pretty oft the same as Montesqueue describes in Persian letters. They both seem to think that the best government would be one in which power was balanced among three groups of officials. As argue to totalitarian regime of the Party, Montesques ideal government would be the government elected by people and not a product of a positive rulers ideas. He, as well as the Orwell believed that the success of democracy- a government in which the people have the power - depended upon maintaining the right balance of power. Moreover, the still mode of achieving this would be dividing power onto three branches an authority that enforced laws (like a king), Parliament, which made laws, and the judges in courts who interpreted laws. According to Montesqueue it is called separation of powers. Avoiding placing too much power on one individual or group of individuals would certainly prevent totalitarian governments of coming into existence. Ther efore, no branch of the government could threaten the immunity of the people.Orwells society displays a threatening projection of a totalitarian system into the future. Indeed it is a regime very similar to the tyrannies of the 20th light speed and strongly echoes Stalin Russia or Nazi Germany. The dominant mood inside this repressive system is one of threat and suppression due to the systematic persecution and oppression of non-conformists. As Goldstein explains in his Oligarchical Collectivism there have always been three classes the high, the middle and the low with the middle and the high constantly changing their respective position. last this movement was identified by historians as being cyclical. In an attempt to interrupt this recurring pattern the Party is essentially focusing on the trouble of Stability. Indeed Stability becomes principal in Oceania as well as in the other two superpowers Eastasia and Eurasia. In short it is the problem of how to keep things the way t hey are and maintain a hierarchical society without risking an overthrow of the established system. Several devices and attitudes have been conceived to achieve this aim. First of all the Party constantly controls and monitors its subjects. A crucial device in this scheme is the telescreen which, by being able to send as well as to receive information, allows a constant control of all Party members. In addition other institutions such as the Thought Police or the Spies have been contrived to guarantee a level best of surveillance.

Erik Peterson Essay

Major problems areLack of clear date driven task plan for product launchRelationship management with senior stakeholdersRecommendationsA project plan for product launch and setting up a barf management officeEngagement of senior management in overcritical decisionsPROBLEM STATEMENTThis case is about Erik Peterson and his career at Biometra. It discusses his journey over as General Manager in Biometra (a subsidiary of SciMat) his educational background and problems faced during the work course at Biometra. Case gives details of theHR issues inside the organization and depicts the characteristic behavior of individuals during the panic situation. Case tells about clashes amongst the co-workers and superiors .Inability of Erik towards persuading the seniors about close to of the decision and his failure in getting guidance for hike steps. It figures out the inability of Eric towards handling team and subordinates so to convince them his way of working.Lack of Eriks specific indust ry knowledge and lack of guidance to Erik tortuous relationship with some of the key opinion leadersCase clearly summarizes that Erik worked as GM but actually wasnt able to perform so far.ANALYSISIt seems that there are lot of clashes among individuals who are at senior leadership positions. Leaders are not able to coordinate with each other. on that point seems lack of target dates given to each department. Erik can either replace key managers by hiring new managers who can bring fresh perspectives and dont clash with each other or setup an independent PMO office which can work with each department, develop a project plan with critical milestones for product rollout and seasoned project manager implement the project plan. It also appears that Erik has no experience in this specific product line. At the same eon he is not getting enough guidance from his senior management. Erik can either take the decisions, wait to see the results or somehow involve some knowledgeable leaders in SciMat early in implementation phase to get guidance and concurrence.

Position Paper: Iraq War and Just War Theory Essay

Thesis The state of state of fight childbed in Iraq that is currently being led by the get together States fails to meet some(prenominal) of the qualifications of a good contendfare fartheste as laid a elan in the that contend guess, so one can take a plaza that the effort is un safe. I will argue that the United States not only disregarded some of the conditions of the theory, but that we actually broke most of the conditions which would be required in tell a start for a war effort to be deemed just. When the United States chose to go to war in Iraq, the international fallout hounding the decision was both dramatic and decisive. There was outcry from other countries who described the United States war effort as being unjust. Though in that location are many dubious ways to look at the justness of the war, the position that the war is unjust can be supported by the findings in the on the button War Theory.The war effort in Iraq that is currently being led by the Un ited States fails to meet many of the qualifications of a just war as laid out in the Just War Theory, so one can take a position that the effort is unjust. I will argue that the United States not only disregarded some of the conditions of the theory, but that we actually broke most of the conditions which would be required in order for a war effort to be deemed just. The Just War Theory itself is not a document that leaves anything to chance. In fact, it is not ambiguous at all in the way that it defines a just war effort. Those who formulated the philosophy left no stone unturned. Instead, they were sure to include a expatiateed basis for understanding that was broken into ii broad components, with further explanation given in each section. The first condition for a just war that must be met is known as Jus ad bellum, which is the first set of criteria documented to determine if a war is just or not.According to the actual literature of the Just War Theory, this section Assesse s the reasons for war and establishes the set of criteria we mathematical function for determining whether or not a disassembleicular war is legitimate (Just War Theory). Included in this part of the Just War Theory are six sub-headings, including just cause, just intentions, legitimate authority, publicly carryd, defy resort, and reasonable cost. Together, these things help create a clearer picture of whether or not a war cause can be justified by those who wage war. The United States war in Iraq can be justified under the just cause part of Jus ad bellum, but in order for a war to be just, it must be able to pass all of the segments of this theory. Whether the war in Iraq fails first is in its intentions. According to this portion of the Just War Theory, Just intentions demand that war should always aim for peace and that any war must be limited to its stated aim (Just War Theory). In the solecism of the United States, this has not been the case. The cause at hand was just be cause it sought to liberate the Iraqi people from the tyranny of Hussein. Once that dictator was ejected, the war effort did not stop, though.Instead, it has turned into an rail line that has turned the United States into a conquering imperialistic nation. The real intentions of the war are hidden and are much more complicated that what meets the eye. The desire for control of oil and the semipolitical posturing in the Middle East are among those reasons. According to Stephen Jendraszak of the Ball State Daily News, Our received motivation is oil, just as it has been in the past. After Sept. 11, the administration was stunned by the amount of Saudi involvement in the terrorist attacks (Jendraszak). The third condition of this part of the Just War Theory was also violated. This deals with the authority to make war as an American nation. According to the Constitution of the United States, U.S. Congress has the power To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make ru les concerning captures on land and water (U.S. Constitution). Congress has yet to declare war in this authority, meaning that the U.S. led occupation is not just according to the theory. The Just War Theory also demands that the declaration of war be a public one. Since no declaration was made, there was obviously no public announcement of that decision. An interesting part of the Just War Theory is section e of the first part, where it discusses the idea of a last resort. In this case, the United States tried some diplomacy, but they did not exhaust all of their options. In fact, the U.S. government did much to get in the way of good diplomacy in this case. Instead of allowing United Nations led inspectors to look over the Iraqi grounds, the U.S. put undue pressure on the Iraqi government. In fact, the United Nations went so far as to pass U.N.Resolution 1441, which states that the U.N. is Determined to ensure full and immediate compliance by Iraq without conditions or restrictio ns with its obligations under dissolvent 687 (1991) and other relevant resolutions and recalling that the resolutions of the Council constitute the governing standard of Iraqi compliance (U.N Resolution 1441). It was the United States lack of patience in letting this resolution converge out that is a primary reason why the war should be deemed, unjust. In addition to those things, I take the position that the U.S. had no plea for going to war based upon article f of the Just War Theory. This is the part of the theory that weighs the costs of going to war once morest the cost of allowing the current situation to persist. Though the grievances in Iraq were many, they are far outweighed by both the human and financial cost that has resulted from the war. The United States has spent billions of dollars fighting the war in Iraq and the multitude has lost thousands of soldiers. On top of that, the civilian casualties in Iraq have been many. Because of this, I stand by the position tha t the war in Iraq is not a just one. The second broad section of the Just War Theory is known as Just in bello. This is the part of the theory that deals with the actual undertaking of the war itself. Who can be attacked and how is a country allowed to make that attack? This section deals with two sub-points, identified as proportionality and discrimination. In regards to proportionality, the Just War Theory states, The quantity of force must be in proportion to the aim of the immediate action, e.g. it would be disproportionate to employ a nuclear weapon against a sniper firing from a populated village (Just War Theory).Given the fact that the Iraqi government and military led no attack against American forces in our country or abroad, it is easy to make an argument that the response was neither measured nor proportional. The United States started its effort in Iraq with a period of bombings that were known as shock and awe. This is itself is an indictment against the justness of th e war, seeing as the name implies that the attack was meant to be proportionally great one in comparison to what would follow in the war.The attack, which consisted of United States bombers dropping large bombs on major places in Iraq, took out not only the Iraqi military locations, but also caused many civilian casualties. Given the fact that the original intention of the war was to go and liberate the Iraqi people from the tyranny of Hussein, this response lacks the proportionality that is required in order for a war to be called just. With that knowledge, one can easily take the position that the United States war effort in Iraq once again broke an article of the Just War Theory and could thus be called an unjust effort. The second portion deals with discrimination, which is defined in much more detail in the document. This is something that the United States government has learned to do moderately well, but the many mistakes that have occurred thus far are enough to deem this wa r as an unjust one. In the literature of the Just War Theory, it states that discrimination happens when, Combatants must discriminate between legitimate and outlawed weapons and between legitimate and illegitimate targets (Just War Theory). This implies that a measure of judgment is required by the leaders and those carrying out the war in order to understand what an appropriate weapon to use is and what an appropriate place to target is.As indicated earlier in the discussion over the shock and awe tactics employed in the early part of this war effort, one can easily see that the United States government did not do a great job of identifying targets and further, they used force that was far too strong given the circumstances. The nature of the war in Iraq has demanded that the United States military do a lot of fighting in close quarter and in civilian laden areas. The fact of that matter is that the U.S. has not correctly identified their targets and when they have, the weapons have been so strong that lots of collateral damage has occurred. The war in Iraq can be described in a number of different ways and with a number of different words depending upon who is doing the describing. Many times, the political biases get in the way of actual discussion over whether or not the war was a just one. The Just War Theory, however, does not hold up for any of that political posturing.It is a clear theory and given the facts that are laid out within it, one can easily take the position that the war in Iraq was an unjust one. Not only did the United States break a few of the conditions for the Just War Theory, they practically smashed the majority of them. By looking at the Just War Theory and applying it to the situation in Iraq, I come away with the feeling that the United States may have had a just cause, but they did not come anywhere near meeting any of the other conditions that are required in order for a war to be just.Works CitedUnited Nations Security Counc il. Resolution 1441. Retrieved from http//www.edenbridgetown.com/ethics/reference/war/un_res_1441.shtmlUnited States Constitution. Article One, Section Eight. Retrieved from http//www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.articlei.htmlsection8Jendraszak, Stephen. Jack Of All Trades War in Iraq unjust, short-sighted. Ball State Daily News Online. 7 January 2003. Retrieved from http//media.www.bsudailynews.com/media/storage/paper849/news/2003/01/07/Opinion/Jack-Of.All.Trades.War.In.Iraq.Unjust.ShortSighted-1300588.shtml

Essay on Recession

Downturns are stressful and typically increase peoples desire for simplicity. (Flatters and Wolcott, 2009, up. 3). character crunch has affected consumers massively. Consumers have to think where they need to shop and what they need to look for to avoid struggles during recession. Things Like food, bills, and mortgage have to be prioritize kinda of buying new house, furniture, going on holiday, spending money on social activities or buying trendy c litterhing. During recession consumers have to make certain(p) that they find the products for the money they pay.Brand names are getting less important for people as their priorities are different this tough time. Customers are more probably to shop for clothes in supermarket now instead of designer clothing as they have to think about the future living and getting bargains is prerequisite to survive. A lot of consumers changed the way they shop and where they shop. People started looking for bargains and they didnt care which shops o ffered them as long as It was the best deal. In other hand, a lot of consumers remained within their favorite shops.Rust and Cohort, (1993), tied In McCormick (2002,p. 1 1 2) found that loyal shoppers are more likely to forgive occasional service failures and the inertia actor within loyalty makes them less likely to switch stores. A lot of people dont like change and staying loyal is important for them as well as for the company. Conclusion Downturn has influenced consumer in different ways. Consumer had to change their lifestyle and adapt to the changes, but now people think about their future strongly avoiding the struggles created by recession.

Psychological perspectives Essay

The brain is a super computer with a complicated network of neurones subserving m every(prenominal) of the activities of our daily life. Many of us ar unsuspecting of the various interconnected processes that work in unison to let us lead a simple uncomplicated life. Only when some(a)one is ill or not typical do we feel the messing up of a great system. Cognitive function is the intellectual process by which a person becomes assured of, perceives or comprehends ideas.Recognition, conception, sensing, thinking, reasoning, remembering and imagining wholly come under cognitive functions ( Parayannis, 2000) Behaviour, being randy or angry are other features of cognitive functions of the brain. They are all related to specific centers or regions of the brain. Injury in the form of trauma or illnesses leads to various cognitive impairments. Summarizing I would deign to declare that to each one of us is what our brains would want us to be. The combinations and permutations of the n eurones decide our personality, skills, talents, feelings, behavior and responses.However we are aware of the fact only in the case of damage to one or more(prenominal) sphere of influences of the brain. The theme I shall discuss in my paper is Psychological perspectives. I fork up selected four chapters from this course which I believe should carry the message of the conundrum that is the brain and the emotions that are attached for a affable set up. They are Memory System (Chapter 8), Cerebral Cortex and the Lobes of the brain( Chapter 2), Aggression and Prosocial Behaviour (Chapter 16 ) and tender Development (Chapter 3). Memory Memory is of three kinds sensory, short- term and long-term.Sensory remembrance depends on auditory, visual and visuo spatial functions . Both cerebral hemispheres are involved in analyzing sensory data, performing memory functions, learning new information, forming thoughts and making decisions (Parayannis, 2000). The left takes care of the sequ ential analysis. New information is systematically and logically interpreted. Symbolic information like lyric poem, mathematics, abstraction and memory is also dealt with. Memory is stored in a language format. The right hemisphere deals with the interpretation of multiple sensory inputs and here memory is stored as auditory, visual and spatial functions.Ones environment is understood. The interpretation of dancing and gymnastics are possible through the right hemisphere functions. goldbrick term memory holds small amounts of information. Selective attention is involved. Everything that we see or hear is not stored. Short term memory is sensitive to interruption or interference. combined with other mental processes, short term memory forms an celestial sphere of working memory which we use to do our thinking with. This behaves like a scratchpad. When we semi arithmetic, do a puzzle, prepare a meal or read something, we are using our working memory.Information that has to be stor ed for long is possible payable to long term memory which is also a function of the brain. The area which holds infinite amounts of information bottom of the inning never run out of space. A persons educational caliber is supported by this long term memory which is encoded in terms of meaning and importance. Our daily activities are enabled by dual memory comprising of short term and long term memory. When we have an information which we used (short-term) but is not required for the time being, we store it in our long term memory and retrieve it when necessary.Memory blemish, a feature of cognitive impairment, is the delay or failure to recall recent or opposed events. Amnesia is an extreme form of memory loss when caused by a more severe injury to the brain, probably in a road accident, break explosion or shooting incident. Involvement due to injury or aging can mature loss of memory of varying levels. Loss can be a mild dysfunction (MCI ) or severe and named as dementia. Old people of 55-80 years of age could have cognitive impairment without having any illness.Memory loss is seen in degenerative disorders or dementias like Alzheimers, traumatic brain injuries, following ECT or in Korsakoffs psychosis. Damage to the limbic system causes a loss of recent memory. This is seen in Korsakoffs Disease. Recent events are forgotten due to a direct effect of alcohol or due to the associated nutritional deficiencies. . The ability to store and retrieve from short term memory is affected in natural aging too. The fore intimately problem is the loss of recent memory in Alzheimers Disease. The care-taker needs to be extremely patient as all her time would be spent for looking subsequently the patient ( Ballenger, 2006).Traumatic Amnesia usually occurs as a transient phenomenon following a head injury. ECT induced amnesia follows episodes of ECT in a psychiatric illness. The amnesia is transient and may last a year. Patients with implicit memory (not dependent on t he part of the brain) remember to do some things (Dorf et al, 1994). Extensive damage to the left cerebral cerebral mantle can affect long term memory. Damage to the right cerebral cortex produces a disruption in the visual and auditory perceptions and visuo-spatial deficit. Memories of seen articles or heard songs or even regularly visited places would not be remembered.The Cerebral Cortex and the Lobes of the Brain The brain is collected of the cerebrum, cerebellum and the brain stem. The cerebrum forms the greatest part and is divided into lobes named by the overlying bone (April, 1990). The left and right cerebral hemispheres consist of the cerebral cortex, white matter and lowly ganglia. The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain composed of grey matter. It has 1015 individual neurons connected in specific patterns. The white matter holds the tracts which connect the neurons. The come on is folded into gyri separated by sulci or grooves.Each half of the cerebr al hemispheres has the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, the limbic lobe and the central lobe. Motor and sensory cortex are found. Sensory cortex is again sub-divided into primary, secondary and association cortices. Primary is where the stimulus reaches first. Secondary is the area which is connected to the primary and helps in the processing. Association cortices have a 2 stimuli input. There are 3 identified associative cortices. They are the basis of thought and perception with practically no influence on behavior.They are the parieto-temporal-occipital cortex, pre-frontal area and the limbic association area. The first receives somatosensory, auditory and visual projections. These associative areas integrate the information from the sensory modalities for language. Injury affecting this area causes a faulty language. The prefrontal area if affected produces problems in several cognitive behaviours. Difficulty arises in control of motor planning. The a bility to concentrate and attend, elaboration of thought, personality and emotional traits are determined here. The frontal lobe subserves cognition and memory.Broadmans area in the left frontal lobe is involved with voluntary motor activities( April,1990). Damage to this area causes contralateral hemiplegia associated with a motor aphasia (involvement of the prefrontal cortex or Brocas area). The parietal lobe processes sensory inputs and discrimination, body orientation and ability to write. Damage would produce an inability to recognize parts of the body, space and an inability to write. The occipital lobe is involved with primary visual function and visual interpretation. Damage would cause cortical sightlessness even when the eyes are perfectly normal.The temporal lobe which has the Wernickes area subserves the auditory function, expressed behaviour, receptive language and memory. Damage would result in sense of hearing deficits, tykeish behaviour and receptive aphasia. Late ralisation is evident in the right and left handedness of people. However this is no indication of the dominance of any hemisphere. 95% of people have left hemisphere language function, 18. 8% have right hemisphere language function. 19. 8 % have bilateral language functions. elongate reasoning, vernacular and vocabulary are lateralised to the left hemisphere.Dyscalculia is caused by damage to the left temporo-parietal region. This leads to difficulty in doing mathematics. Some language functions like intonation and accentuation are with the right hemisphere. Musical and visual stimuli, spatial manipulation, facial perception and artistic ability are functions of the right too. Logical reasoning is with the left but primordial reasoning is with the right. Cerebral asymmetry is the feature of the normal human brain. The left is the dominant hemisphere with language functions while the right is involved more with visuo-spatial functions.An acquired language deficit accompanying rig ht-sided stroke (left hemisphere involvement) is the best indication that the left hemisphere is dominant for language. The right hemisphere stroke does not involve speech problems. The corpus callosum connects the 2 hemispheres and coordinates the functions of both. Any injury to this area causes Split brain where the coordination between the 2 hemispheres is lost. A split brain patient does not discourse of emotions or feelings. The right hemisphere and the left behave independently. The patient appears to have 2 minds.It was revealed in studies by Robert Sperry, a psychobiologist, who conducted studies in patients in whom commissurectomy (severing the corpus callosum from each hemisphere ) was done as a treatment for intractable epilepsy. He found that the two halves of the brain had specific functions and each side acted independently, whereas in the normal brain, the two halves act in coordination. This is the theory of hemispheric independence (Zaire et al, 1990) After the op eration, the right half showed predominance when it came to spatial tasks like arrangement of blocks.The limbic area is the area of the brain that affects the emotions, rage, fear and sex. Integration of recent memory and biological rhythms are decided here. If this area is affected, an angry but frightened personality without emotional control would be the result. Recent memory would be lost. Aggression and Prosocial Behavior Prosocial Behaviour is helpful behavior intended to help some other. It is different from altruism in that it is not voluntary helping behaviour that is costly to the giver (PsychologyAn International Perspective, 2004).Another definition states that this refers to the voluntary actions intended to help another ( Eisenberg and Mussen, 1989). Prosocial behaviour refers to the consequences of a doers actions rather than the motivations behind them. They include sharing, comforting, rescuing and helping, understanding the needs of the recipient (Knickerbocker, L earning to give). Traditional theories of helping include sociobiology, social learning , empathy and arousal. somatogenic aggression is a major health problem. Childhood aggression is a precursor to physical and mental health problems that occur in later life. self-asserting children are also liable to higher risk of substance abuse , alcoholism, accidents, violent crimes, depression, suicide attempts, spouse abuse, neglectful and abusive parenting (Tremblay et al, 2004) It is unusual for the aggressive students to really harm their targets. However in studies of physical aggression in infancy, it was shown that by 17 months, a large majority of children are already aggressive towards their siblings, parents and peers (Tremblay et al, 2004).A study by Tremblay et al attempted to identify the trajectories of physical aggressions during earlyish childhood and also o identify antecedents of high levels of physical aggression early in life. 572 families with a 5- month old baby were selected and followed up till 42 months. 3 trajectories were identified. The first group of 28% had children who displayed little or no aggression. 58% showed a rising trajectory of modest aggression. 14 % showed a high level of physical aggression (Tremblay et al, 2004). Best predictors before the birth of the child were, having other siblings, confidence interveal, start outs with early( before end of high school ) and high antisocial behaviour , young mothers, families with low income and mothers who smoked.The conclusion indicated was that physical aggression started in early infancy. All the predictors before birth were reasons for the child not learning how to preventive interventions. In order to change or reduce the long term impacts preventive intervention programmes must be chalked out effectively (Tremblay et al, 2004) In a model identifying 5 factors that prompt voluntarism (Clary and Snyder, 1990), they found that a combination of factors in the long run motivates vol unteers.One factor is altruism but all the other four are self serving motivation by socially adjustable conditions, swelled head defensive considerations, the desire to acquire knowledge or skills for personal or professional education and helping understanding the needs. Aggression is caused in 3 slipway in a child instinct, rewards and observation. Obviously these 3 factors rule the manner in which the aggression is to be overcome or prevented. Catharsis may be tried to vent the childs anger in other ways. Rewarding non aggressive behaviour works. Cognitive training is also effective. Promoting prosocial behaviour should be tried.Rewarding good behaviour may not be so effective. A break in way is to try modelling. The parent should model good behaviour as the child always has a tendency to imitate its parents. The parent appeals to the childs pride and desire to be agrown-up (Aggressive and Prosocial Behaviour, Psychology campus. com). Social development Like all humans , babie s are also social creatures. It was found from studies that babies recognise themselves at the age of 15 months. Prior to that, they would treat their mirror image as another like them and would even coax them to come out to play.At about 15 months of age, the baby starts showing interest in others and developing a social awareness. It starts showing the emotions of shame, guilt, embarassment and pride. These babies glance at the facial expressions of others to decide how to react just like adults. In one study babies placed at the side of a high cliff kept watching their mothers faces. If they were encouraging, the babies would cross. When the mothers exhibited fear, the babies did not move. This is identified as social referencing. It. demonstrated the emotional bond or fastener of the babies with their mothers or caregivers.For most infants emotional bonding appears around 8 to 12 months of age. Psychologist Mary Ainsworth (1913 -1999) spoke about 3 kinds of attachments. The sec urely attached infants would be upset by the mothers absence. An insecure avoidant child is anxious about the mothers absence but turns away when she returns. An insecure ambivalent child also has an emotional bond but has mixed feelings . It wants to be with the mother but is angry at her and does not want contact. Attachments do play a role in the life of the child and its future behaviour.The securely attached ones would be the most confident. Attachment failures could be damaging. The mother has a strong role in promoting attachment in an infant, hoping to improve its mental status and bringing up a resilient child. Attachments to fathers provides one more reason to have a closely ruck up family with well behaved children. When a seond child arrives, attachment security drops. Commercial child care centers if of good quality does provide additional security. Children tend to have better relationships with their mothers and lesser problems.