Bright Flashlight Company

Interest is the amount usually paid on the use of the principal amount of money loaned. Effective interest rate is the â€Å"actual annual interest rate that accrues, after taking into consideration the effects of compounding, when compounding occurs more than once per year (Investorwords, 2007). If Bright Flashlight Company will loan $300,000 from the bank for 60 days, the effective interest rate on the bank loan is 11% for a year or 1. 83% for the 60-days period.Opportunity cost is the cost difference of one alternative action over another. If Bright Flashlight Company will not pay their purchases amounting to $300,000 within the 10 day period, they will lose the opportunity to take the 10% discount amounting to $6,000. On the other hand, if they do not pay within the discount period, they also have the opportunity to use the $300,000 for other ventures within the credit term given by the supplier.Based on the given data, I think that Bright Flashlight Company should borrow the mo ney from the bank in order to take the discount on their purchases. The company can take the 2% cash discount in 10 days amounting to $6,000 and pay $5,500 interest on the bank loan of $300,000 after 60 days. The difference of $500 is still favorable for Bright Flashlight Company even if they pay their purchases after 70 days. If the banker requires a 20% compensating balance, Bright Flashlight Company must borrow $360,000 from the bank.The difference between the $360,000 loan and $300,000 needed fund of the company; amounting to $60,000 (20% of $300,000) is the banks compensating balance. However, if this is the case, Bright Flashlight Company should not loan from the bank anymore since interest on the loan will increase because of the increase on the total principal amount of the loan. Reference Investorwords (2007). Retrieved February 10, 2007 from: http://www. investorwords. com/1661/effective_annual_interest_rate. html

Causes of Accounting Scandals Essay

The accounting entities and accountants of the world have defined several standards and ethical guidelines that need to be and must be followed by the accountants so that things are not misrepresented and no wrong information is provided to the investors. The accounting information generated by any company is generally used by external entities and stakeholders as well and hence it is crucial to maintain and define some standards and practices that serve the purpose and are in the best of interest of all the stakeholders of any organization. However, despite of the development and establishment of such specific standards and regulations, there are several fraudulent activities that take place and there are several accounting scandals that come into the picture from time to time. There are several factors that lead to such accounting scandals despite of the presence of the ethical guidelines and standards. The scandals are shown to occur because of the unethical behavior o f the employees and one major factor that may lead to the unethical behavior of the employees is the corporate culture developed and used in an organization. Every company adopts and works on a specific type of culture and the culture should always be such that is facilitates the overall learning and development of the employees. But at times, due to some gaps in the expectations and the culture actually defined, the employees start adopting negative and fraudulent measures, thus leading to scandals. Miscommunication can also be a major reason for the observed scandal in several cases. It is possible that certain guidelines or practices are mis-communicated to the people. At times, it happens to be that the person responsible for giving the information misses out or omits some information all together. And hence, the accounting scandals tend to occur not because of the deliberate effort of some employee or a bunch of employees but mainly because they were not clear of certain practices or standards. The lack of appropriate management and guidance in an organization is also an important factor that contributes towards the development of different accounting scandals. Irrespective of the roles and responsibilities of the employees, the management always needs to keep a check on the things that is happening and maintain a way of guiding and managing the employees. In conditions where the management fails to do so, there are certain differences that occur in the set guidelines and actual practices, which lead to fraudulent activities. Thus, there are several factors that can be responsible for the accounting scandals that have occurred in the past and will keep occurring in the accounting world. In addition to these factors, there are also certain individual factors such as lack of professionalism, lack of knowledge, financial benefit or gain that can lead to scandals. And hence it is a mandate for every company to develop ways to monitor and avoid such unwanted and undesired situations. Reference: http://classof1.com/homework-help/accounting-homework-help/

Religions of the World Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Religions of the World - Research Paper Example Just as each person is unique, so are the religions that they rely on to define who and what they are. As Stephen Prothero says about religions, â€Å"the worlds religious rivals are clearly related, but they are more like second cousins than identical twins. They do not teach the same doctrines. They do not perform the same rituals and they do not share the same goals.† Three of the world’s major religions, Mormonism, Christianity, and Buddhism, reveal the truth of this statement, and how even though religions may differ greatly from one another, they exist to provide insight into the world and the human condition. By investigating the unique goals of each religion, as well as their gods, doctrines and beliefs, and their perceptions of afterlife, the notion that religions are related while still standing out on their own can be brought to light. The Goals of Religion Differences abound in all of the religions of the world, setting them greatly apart from one another. T he first and most notable difference that can be picked from each religion is its goal, or the primary purpose that the religion prevails. The goal of Mormonism, for example, is for its followers to enter a state of holiness, which is also known as exaltation. Mormons strive to conduct their lives in ways that reflect the characteristics of God. When they succeed, upon their death they will enter heaven, gaining eternal life and an eternal family. The members of Mormonism who achieve eternal life are likened to lesser gods, a belief formed by the concept that God himself was once a flesh-and-bone human and became holy upon death (Smith, 2009). However, His followers that reach this state of holiness are placed beneath God the Father who presides over Mormonism. The goal of Christianity shares part of Mormonism’s goal, which is for its followers to become more like God by taking on His attributes. The difference between the goals of these two religions, though, is that followe rs of the Christian faith strive to become Godlike so that they can bridge the wide chasm that separates them from God as a result of the sinful nature of humankind (â€Å"The basics of Christian beliefs†). Humans are born naturally apart from God due to their inherent sin. The God of Christianity wants nothing more than to have a relationship with His people, but this relationship cannot be attained as long as humans continue to live in sin. As such, the major goal of Christianity is to have the sins of its followers forgiven so that they may become more Christlike, and thus establish a relationship with their creator. The primary goal of the spiritual path of Buddhism is for its practitioners to reach enlightenment, which is more commonly referred to as nirvana by those who actively practice Buddhism. This is the Buddhist concept of total freedom, to be liberated from the cycle of life and death and to attain an eternal body. To achieve enlightenment, members of the Buddhis t faith accept the Four Noble Truths, which outline that suffering is caused by desire, and follow the Noble Eightfold Path, which direct them in how to live a life that can bring an end to suffering. Suffering is brought to a complete end when enlightenment is achieved, and the person can experience the pure freedom, happiness, and clarity of nirvana (Hanh, 1999). Each religion strives to not so much make life easier for its practitioners, but to give their followers what they need to survive the hardships of life while maintaing a peace of mind and giving them something to strive for. In the process, the goals of these religions help their followers become better people. When these individuals are successful in reaching the goal of their respective

Simulation Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Writer #1497 Essay

Simulation Using Perceptual Maps in Marketing Writer #1497 - Essay Example The purpose of this report is to describe the actions taken by the student during three phases of the simulation and to discuss important marketing concepts such as differentiation, positioning and product lifecycle. The purpose of the simulation is to develop a positioning strategy for the company. The first phase of the perceptual map simulation involves selecting the parameters related to the motorcycle industry that aligned with the product the company is offering. The simulation taught me that the optimum amount of parameters that should be chosen for a particular product is four. Choosing more than four does not allow the marketer to highlight the product’s strengths in order to create effective marketing campaigns. The nine parameters I had to choose from were: lifestyle image, product design, cool, product uniqueness, service offering, price, engine capacity safety, and quality engineering. Based on the company’s status as a provider to motorcycle in the high-end of the marketplace I choose these four parameters: lifestyle image, product design and styling, price and product uniqueness. The result of my selection was that I ended up choosing three of the four optimum parame ters for this particular product. The parameter that I should not have selected was product uniqueness. In this case quality engineering covers the important aspects of product uniqueness. An important parameter that I failed to choose was service offering. Service offerings are utilized to ensure loyalty among customers and distribution channels which include club memberships, maintenance training, and financial services (Perceptual Maps in Marketing Simulation, 2008). The second phase of the simulation involved making a decision about the company future positioning in the marketplace. Tough economic times along with an aging focus group of customer were endangering the company solid 40% market share. The two primary choices were repositioning the CruiserThorr model or

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 11

Employment Law - Essay Example erms and conditions.2 It is important that businesses in the process of reorganization work within the permitted parameters of TUPE otherwise, there are significant opportunities for litigation arising out of employee complaints.3 While the managers are purporting to simply reorganize the business, this organization involves changes that are consistent with the definition of transfer of undertaking within the meaning of TUPE. Regulation 3(b) provides that TUPE applies to situations in which service provisions are changed.4 Therefore subcontracting and outsourcing will apply as they are situations in which service provisions are changed. In fact it was held in Fairhurst Ward Abbotts Limited v Botes Building Limited and others that where a contract for maintenance was split between two entities, it amounted to a transfer within the meaning of TUPE.5 Therefore even if the subcontracting only transfers out a part of the service, it would be considered a transfer of undertakings under TUPE. There are legal consequences for the business since the subcontracting and outsourcing is covered by TUPE. Regulation 7 of TUPE provides that where a transfer within the meaning of TUPE has the effect of terminating the services of an employee, that termination will be treated as unfair dismissal, unless the transfer is for an â€Å"economic, technical or organizational reason entailing changes in the workforce.†6 The effect of Regulation 7 of TUPE is to ensure that the rights of employees are protected in cases where undertakings effecting their employment are transferred.7 It therefore follows that if an employee’s job is lost to outsourcing or subcontracting, that loss is automatically unfair dismissal. Subcontractors and others to whom services from the business are outsourced may be reluctant to take on these contracts and jobs since there is a risk of litigation for unfair dismissal. In fact, the business will also be liable for unfair dismissal. Managers will also

Project Management Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Project Management Review - Essay Example Project scope management This creates a situation where the scope of the project increases and more tasks are to be accomplished within the limited time and budget that was originally planned for lesser tasks. So, the scope creep puts the project group into overturning the original project time and budget. Project managers are affected by the impacts of the scope creep since the beginning the project management. Controlling the scope creep is a hard task to be completed and requires precisely defined and documented design. The project manger is badly concerned about the project creep as it can sneak up, morph, and destroy a project. However, the term â€Å"scope creep† is not applied when the budget and time of the project is increased in accordance with the changes in the scope, and it is an accepted addition to the scope of the project. 2.0. â€Å"We cannot afford to terminate the project now. We have already spent more than 50 percent of the project budget.† The orga nization has changed its managerial priorities and therefore the project no longer supports the administrative strategies and the project needs to be terminated. The above statement reveals that 50 percent of the project budget is completed. ... 3.0 The role of Project Retrospective. It’s difference from Post-project evaluation. Project Retrospective is a technique to evaluate from the project experience, taking both good and bad of the project into consideration. The primary role of the project retrospective is to discover lessons and to make improvements in process that facilitates planning and execution on future projects. Such discovery is carried by brining up significant positive and negative issues, the basic causes for the issues and suggestions and proposals for improvement, normally accomplished through a retrospective meeting. The Project Retrospective further analyzes the tasks that were successful and also whether to continue with those activities. The analysis includes the functions that were useful and how they could be improved, which decision was wrong that we should not repeat, and about the cause behind the success or failure of an undertaking, and what the team can do about it. On the other hand, P ost-project evaluation is a method of recording the experiences from the past projects for the purpose using those data in the future projects wherever it seems to influence the project. The purpose of the Post-project evaluation is to assist the non-specialists in the project management in dealing with the future decision making. This system will make sure that mistakes are not repeated and the good practices of the management are maintained. In contrast to the project retrospective, the post-project evaluation is prepared with the main objective of learning the lessons that can be applied to the future projects or to transfer to departmental projects and improves project appraisal design, management, and implementation. 4.0 Major deliverables for project closure The

LSTD206 Capstone Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LSTD206 Capstone Paper - Essay Example This informs the basis of the establishment of sound client-relations policies, which do not only serve as the basis of informing how a firm relates with its clients, but also as a marketing tool for the firm, since good client experience is a recipe for increased customer base for a firm (Brink & Berndt, 2008). Therefore, this discussion seeks to establish the client-relations policies that a legal firm should establish to enhance its client relationship as well as its marketing, communication, advertising, confidentiality and conflict of interest handling. This discussion is important for a legal firm, since it creates insights into the relevant strategies that such firms should apply to enhance a productive relationship with the clients, and thus be able to maintain a secured client base, in the face of the ever increasing competition. Discussion Client reception is the core of productive client-relations policies formulation, considering that it is the reception that clients get when they first visit a firm that determines their first impression of the firm, and the consequent future interactions with the firm (Silk, 2012). This being the case, it is therefore significant to ensure that the receptionists and the customer relationship officers within a firm follows certain guidelines that enhances a positive and productive relationship with the client, which enable the firm to project a positive image to the clients, and thus attract them for further visits and interactions. Thus, courtesy and helpfulness is the basis of the customer relationship policy, where the receptionists and the customer relationship officers address the clients with respect and integrity, while offering the essential help that a client could require (Knackstedt, 2008). While being courteous, respectful and helpful serves to enable the client feel comfortable within the firm and feel valued and appreciated as a stakeholder to the firm, it plays the vital role of enticing the customer to make repeat visits. Thus, courteousness, helpfulness and respectfulness serves both as a client recognition and appreciation strategies, as well as firm marketing strategies that encourages further business. Confidentiality is paramount in the legal relationship business, considering that the relationship between a client and a legal firm entails the discussion of sensitive personal, business or family matters, which should not be introduced to the public domain (Nollkamper, 2008). Thus, a confidentiality policy is vital within a legal firm, to ensure that the relationship between a client and the firm, and the issues discussed between them remains between the two parties, and can only be disclosed whenever it is necessary, may be in a court of law. Through implementing the confidentiality policy, a firm is able to ensure that the customer feels comfortable while dealing with the firm, through the knowledge that the personal and confidential information shared with the firm will remain as such, without any risk of unnecessary exposure (Silk, 2012). Client communications and legal advice is yet another aspect that requires that a policy guideline is established to safeguard the relationship. The policy applicable under this concept

Trust Is Integrity, Honesty, and Reliability Essay

Trust Is Integrity, Honesty, and Reliability - Essay Example Many people argue about the meaning of trust, but the most important aspect of trust in personal and professional relationships is the way we build it together through integrity, honesty, and reliability.   The idea that trust is a one-dimension trait is widely spread, but I find it to be a multi-dimensional act as different aspects have to be taken into account when it comes to building and keeping trust in our personal and professional relationships. Trust in integrity, honesty, and reliability is considered as such by many people.   Some of them equal trust to only one of those dimensions, but I find it useful to deal with the issue of trust as a multi-dimensional trait.   Trust is more a process than a permanent state of affairs.   Trust must be built and kept alive on an ongoing basis, so many factors have to be taken into consideration when we speak about trust in our personal and professional relationships. Indeed trust takes a lot of effort to be built and maintained alive.   It is easy to think of trust as integrity, or as honesty, or as reliability alone.   But if we take a close look at trust, we will find that it takes those three dimensions together to build and keep trust on a daily basis. That is so because if one of the ingredients is missing, we will end up being untrustworthy in the eyes of people. Looking at trust from a multi-dimensional point of view will keep us from making unnecessary mistakes, and at the same time, we will enjoy the benefits of healthy relationships.... Our good will and our efforts to achieve trustworthiness bring happiness and well-being to our souls here and now. Essay 2: Argument. Trust Is Built and Kept Through Integrity, Honesty, and Reliability. Introduction. Many people argue about the meaning of trust, but the most important aspect of trust in personal and professional relationships is the way we build it together through integrity, honesty, and reliability. The idea that trust is a one-dimension trait is widely spread, but I find it to be a multi-dimensional act as different aspects have to be taken into account when it comes to building and keeping trust in our personal and professional relationships. Building and Keeping Trust. Trust as integrity, honesty, and reliability is considered as such by many people. Some of them equal trust to only one of those dimensions, but I find it useful to deal with the issue of trust as a multi-dimensional trait. Trust is more a process than a permanent state of affairs. Trust must be built and kept alive on an ongoing basis, so many factors have to be taken into consideration when we speak about trust in our personal and professional relationships. Indeed trust takes a lot of effort to be built and maintained alive. It is easy to think of trust as integrity, or as honesty, or as reliability alone. But if we take a close look at trust, we will find that it takes those three dimensions together to build and keep trust on a daily basis. That is so because if one of the ingredients is missing, we will end up being untrustworthy in the eyes of people. We need a good mix of integrity, honesty, and reliability in order to build and establish a

Auditory Hallucination in Schizophrenic Illness Essay - 1

Auditory Hallucination in Schizophrenic Illness - Essay Example Paranoid thinking or psychotic symptoms which are symptoms of schizophrenia could also be experienced with high levels of dopamine in the brain. When the brain recognizes that there is excessive dopamine, symptoms which are schizophrenic appear. Schizophrenic patients also have more dopamine receptors than people without it (Barkus et al., 2007). Glutamate is also associated with schizophrenia. It has a major role in the forming and encoding of memory. It is also thought to have a function in learning. When glutamate receptors are blocked for instance when one takes PCP, there is reported paranoia that is also a symptom of schizophrenia. Schizophrenic patients have been found to possess lower levels of glutamate compared to normal people. The two neurotransmitters interaction is said to be at the core of schizophrenia since the production of many dopamine receptors affects the glutamate receptors by blocking them and thus reducing their action (Spencer et al., 2009). The dopamine hypothesis is generally the best explanation for the cause of schizophrenia at the neurotransmitter level. It is the most etiologic theory in psychotherapy. Its proposal that certain pathways of dopamine are overactive in schizophrenia could be true because when one takes drugs that increase dopamine, they induce positive symptoms but when the drugs that block its receptors are taken they reduce the positive symptoms. In other words, the experiences and behaviors associated with schizophrenia could be fully made clear by the transformations of dopamine function in the brain (Ven, 2006). Auditory hallucinations could be said to be a false perception of sound or experiencing internal voices and noises that do not originate from the external world and are seen to be separate from the normal brain processes.  

Slaughterhouse Five Essay Essay Example for Free

Slaughterhouse Five Essay Essay Kurt Vonnegut wrote the book Slaughterhouse-Five in order to express his feeling of disgust towards the brutality of World War II. It was written as a general statement against all wars. Vonnegut focuses on the shock and outrage over the havoc and destruction man is capable of reeking in the name of what he labels a worthy cause, while learning to understand and accept these horrors and ones feelings about them. Through his character, Billy Pilgrim, he conveys not only these feelings and emotions, but also the message that we must exercise our free will to alter the unfortunate happenings that might occur in our lives. Vonnegut had tremendous difficulty writing this novel. He says, I thought it would be easy for me to write about the destruction of Dresden, since all I would have to do would be to report what I had seen (Vonnegut 2). He did not count on his emotions interfering with his attempts at a factual and logical report of such atrocities. It took Vonnegut twenty years to directly face his private demon of the firebombing of Dresden in the form of this novel. He had trouble recalling any memories of substance about his time in Dresden. It could be said that he was blinded by the firebombs of Dresden. It was not until Vonnegut returned to the sight of the bombing twenty years later, along with one of his war buddies, that he was able to recall the disastrous and horrific incidents in Dresden. The novel served as a form of therapy for Vonnegut; it enabled him to examine the events of the past that impacted on his life, and to come to terms with them. Vonnegut chooses to focus the novel on events surrounding the firebombing of Dresden, Germany.

Group work in Primary Schools

Group work in Primary Schools Group work, known to others as collaborative or cooperative learning, is defined as a situation in which, two or more people learn or attempt to learn something together [Wikipedia Contributors, 2010]. This paper focuses on how working collaboratively impacts both teaching and learning in primary schools. It describes the background to the development of collaborative learning and highlights the techniques often employed. The principles to effective group work are explained, with both advantages and disadvantages noted. Collaborative learning is a pedagogical strategy which utilizes a variety of learning activities to enhance a students understanding of a particular topic. This is an improvement to traditional learning models also defined as non-interactive lectures, where knowledge is gained from direct lectures or the reading of books and articles. Traditional learning commands very little interaction or participation from the students, therefore a lot or very little may be learnt depending on the individual. Collaborative learning consequently stands as a constructivist approach to learning, and is identified as originating from a constructivist epistemology, as students are asked to participate and contribute to their own learning and development. The ideas of scholars such as Burner, Kohlberg, Piaget and Vygotsky are used in the development of collaborative learning, which essentially implies that both the student and the environment are actively dynamic entities in the learning process as the student tries to impersonate the lessons. This process requires that knowledge be discovered and translated using language and other learning aides to which the students can actively relate. Lawrence Kohlberg researched the moral decisions made by children. His investigation is such that he developed an interview process offering a number of scenarios, each with a moral dilemma for which he had pre-determined answers. He realized that six stages of moral development existed and that some people are unable to reach most advanced levels of ethical interpretation. He thereby concluded that; the development of moral reasoning happens in a particular sequence, and that each step of the way is a precursor to the next [KidsDevelopment.co.uk, 2010]. Jean Piagets theory of Cognitive Development suggests that individuals go through a series of stages on their way to independent thinking. Piaget states that all knowledge concerning reality results from actions or operations upon it, which makes it change, revealing its stable and variational properties (Piaget, 1980 p222). Lev Vygotsky believed that socialization increases knowledge and often time changes a childs thoughts and behaviours. Vygotsky suggests that learning is achieved in three ways; imitative, instructed and collaborative. Imitative learning involves the student simply copying what was taught and instructed learning involves the student following directions previously given. Vygotskys work was focussed on two important ideas. First being the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD); this describes the level of differentiation between a problem that a student can solve independently and a problem in which a student will require the assistance of others. ZPD is often identified as an individuals level of actual competency relative to their level for potential development. The second idea is known as scaffolding and describes the aspect of support given to students when it is desired. Group work allows students to work together in small teams, combining people with varying backgrounds, experiences, technical and intellectual competencies, towards the attainment of a specific objective. Each member of the team has the responsibility of learning the material for himself, while also helping other members to clearly understand the lesson thus creating an atmosphere of achievement (Palmer, Peters and Streetman. 2008). Students thereby gain both knowledge and social skills. The use of group discussions helps students to explain concepts and ideas by providing immediate feedbacks. Students learn how to troubleshoot cooperatively in order to find the best solution to a problem. When students formulate their own solutions in this manner, they are truly thinking critically (Davis, Mahler Noddings, 1990). Swortzel expresses that there are two major theoretical approaches to group work Motivational and Cognitive (Swortzel, 1997). Group work is seen as motivational because students recognize that their success or failure in the attainment of the specified goal is dependent on them being able to work together as a team. They thereby encourage each other to get the assigned tasks done properly and on time, in so doing cooperative learning increases students motivation to do academic work (Johnson, Johnson Holubec, 1986). The cognitive approach suggests that through group work students become more critical with their thinking. Students are stimulated to think outside the box, thus acquiring increased levels of perception, awareness, and reasoning and judgment abilities. Group discussions are very interactive with each individual expressing their viewpoint. Within a diverse group, there will be undoubtedly varying opinions consequently highlighting approaches to the same topic. A collaborative framework must first be established before the implementation of collaborative learning techniques. The teacher should research collaborative learning and observer other teachers who have already implement the use of group work. The teacher should grasp a good understanding of the advantages and disadvantages to group work and must develop a keen appreciation for the technique of scaffolding. The teacher then needs to decide if collaborative learning is ideal for the subject being taught, the type of students and take into account classroom restrictions, if any. Teachers implementing collaborative learning are expected to be competent in the following areas: Specifying instructional objectives Determining group size and assign students to groups Determining Group Size and Assign Students to Groups Classroom arrangement Planning instructional materials to promote Interdependence Assigning group roles Assigning tasks Structuring positive interdependence and accountability Explaining the criteria for success Specifying desired behaviours Before implementing collaborative learning the teacher should explain to the students their decision for the use of group work and explain the advantages and disadvantages. The determination of group sizes may vary depending on the nature of the task and the workload. Groups can be homogeneous or heterogeneous, grouping students with similar interests and strengths or they may be totally randomly selected. Once groups are established they usually do not change very often, so as to allow students to develop a constructive working relationship with each other. It is important that the furniture in the classroom be organized in a way which allows the students to work as a unit, preferably facing each other, whilst allowing for their flexible movements. Teachers should take into account the existing resources needed for successful task completion and ensure that they are readily accessible by the groups. The instructions and materials a teacher chooses for a group should ensure that each member of the group makes a meaningful contribution and that individual assignments within the group will be evenly distributed. Teachers should structure positive interdependence and accountability by regularly testing both the groups and the members of the group for understanding of the subject matter. Members should be encouraged to be able to actively defend the stance of the group and their own. The criteria for success of the group should be clearly communicated and measures put into place to evaluate the groups performance as a unit as well as the individual performances of the members. Once the groups have been established, teachers need to monitor the behaviour of the students and assist with needs while monitoring. In so doing, teachers may assist with the answering of questions and provide and alternate point of view or opinion. Teachers may also provide feedback on the work completed or the progress made. Should conflicts arise within the groups, teachers should intervene to ensure that such conflicts are quickly resolved and explain the implications of undesirable behaviours. It is also very important that teachers provide approbation and, or motivation where it is deserved. Students play the most important role in the art of collaborative learning. Their roles include and are not limited to, working together, actively listening to each other, keeping records of work and progress, questioning each other, assuming personal responsibility and completing the assigned task. An article written by Dillenbourg and Schneider states that there are a few mechanisms to collaborative learning: Conflict or Disagreement, suggesting that when peer to peer conflicts arise, social factors cause learners to ignore the disagreement and to some extent forces them to find a feasible solution to the problem. One aspect of this theory states that diverging viewpoints usually lead to academic gains, while the other states that when conflicts are not verbalized they do not predict positive outcomes (Dillenbourg and Schneider, 1995). This article draws two conclusions relative to this mechanism one being that slight misunderstandings can be as efficient as a clear conflict between two agents who respectively believe P and not P and the second being that verbal interactions generated to solve conflict are related to learning outcomes (Dillenbourg and Schneider, 1995). Alternative Proposal also referred to as the confirmation biases by Dillenbourg and Schneider (1995). In so doing students actively develop ideas that support their suggestions and completely disregard ideas that do not. They often times cannot abandon their idea or suggestion because another suggestion may not be forthcoming; however other group members make alternate suggestions. (Self-) explanation; the Self-Explanation effect, as it is in known in many cognitive science literature, describes that in a situation where one student is more knowledge that the other, the latter will automatically learn from the form, and also that the former will grasp a better understanding of the topic being explained as he endeavours to translate into to terms to with the latter student can actively relate. Having successfully explained the more knowledgeable student would have improved upon his skills to interrelate and gained improved confidence. Had there been any uncertainties in the explanation, someone even more knowledgeable might be able to clarify. Internalization; the article explains this mechanism as one in which students explain or justify their suggestions to each other, the verbalization of such impacts all involved and that the concepts communicated are integrated into the listeners reasoning. Thinking is viewed a discussion that one has with oneself and which develops on the basis of discussions we had with others (Dillenbourg and Schneider, 1995). The article also states that for this mechanism to be effective a few conditions must be met, One condition is that subjects can only assimilate concepts which are within their zone of proximal development, i.e. within the neighbourhood of the current cognitive level. Another condition is that the less able peer is not left as a passive listener, but participates into the joint problem solving strategy (Dillenbourg and Schneider, 1995) Appropriation, this is explained as one student observing the ideas or explanations of another and taking those ideas or explanations and building on it to make their own. Learning is two-fold as the first student reinterprets his actions relative to that of the second, and the second student got a sound foundation on which to build. Shared Cognitive Load, this involves the distribution of tasks which will come together to achieve the overall objective of the group. When the workload is even shared between students, each student can work meticulously on the assigned task, thereby eliminating redundancies and improving the efficiency of the group. Mutual Regulation, by employing any of or a combination of the mechanisms previously described, students often have to regulate the actions of each other to ensure that the stipulated guidelines are adhered to for the attainment of their goals. Social Grounding, described lucidly by Dillenbourg and Schneider as the mechanism by which an individual attempts to maintain the belief that his partner has understood what he meant, at least to an extent which is sufficient to carry out the task at hand (Dillenbourg and Schneider, 1995). This mechanism requires the speaker to check for understanding, and where misunderstand is visible to clarify, thereby building a share understanding of the problem. George W. Gagnon. Jr., and Michelle Collay developed another design for collaborative learning and in this model teachers develop a series of steps that their teaching structure follows as listed below: They develop a situation for the students to explain (Gagnon and Collay, 2004) They select a process for groupings of materials and students (Gagnon and Collay, 2004) They build a bridge between what students already know and what the teachers want them to learn (Gagnon and Collay,2004) They anticipate questions to ask and answer without giving away an explanation (Gagnon and Collay, 2004) They encourage students to exhibit a record of their thinking by sharing it with others (Gagnon and Collay, 2004), and They solicit students reflections about their learning (Gagnon and Collay, 2004). A comparison of there collaborative techniques, is illustrated in Appendix 1. Johnson, Johnson, and Smith (1991) highlights three key tasks teachers should follow for the evaluation of the efficiency and effectiveness after there group work is completed. Firstly, teachers should provide a closure through summarization. That is, to summarize the lessons important points or to have each group explain their work and the points they found of most significance. Secondly is to evaluate the students learning, by assessing how they have attained or failed to attain the desired outcome and providing the feedback required, allowing students to improve on their ability to work as a group and hence personal development. Thirdly, teachers should make note of the techniques that worked and why they worked and if necessary adjust their lessons. A popular definition of constructivism is that Constructivism is a theory of knowledge which claims that knowledge is not passively received but actively constructed by the learner, and that the function of cognition is adaptive, serving to organise experience, rather than discover reality(online, 2010) Group work has academic, social and physiological benefits to both students and teachers. Academic benefits include: the development of critical thinking and the active involvement of students in the learning process. The social benefits include: the development of social learning systems for students and builds diversity understanding among students and teachers. The physiological benefits include: increased self-esteem through peer-to-peer instructions and it reduces the anxiety of students. Although collaborative learning seems to be dependent on the actions and willingness to learn, which should for many be a natural process, there are many disadvantages as there are advantages to is implementation. A few of the obstacles faced are; some students prefer to work competitively rather that collaboratively, teachers lack the ability to readily assess the work produced, teachers sometimes do not know how to measure the effectiveness of their teachings in a collaborative setting, sometimes the assigned tasks are not applicable to a students goals or abilities, and sometimes the tasks are not difficult enough to challenge but not so difficult as to stonewall a conversation. Some groups may be comprised of slow learners who may be viewed as others as invaluable, thereby promoting superior behaviour by the fast learners. Table 1, Appendix 2, illustrated various group structures and the advantages and disadvantages to these groups. Nigel Hastings and Karen Chantrey-Wood from Nottingham Trent University explores the many strategies teachers utilize in group work activities, many of which are strongly endorsed by a committee known as the Plowden Committee. By spending time with groups of children, teachers could adjust their teaching to the needs of the individuals of that group to a greater extent than when working with an entire class of students as a whole. This also ensures that all children have a reasonable amount of direct contact with their teacher regardless of the fact that they are working in groups [Hastings Wood, 2002]. This suggests that collaborative learning enhances the occurrence of individualized attention given to students, by introducing one-on-one interactions between students and peers and students and teachers. The article also illustrates that classroom arrangement is very important in ensuring that collaborative learning is efficient and effective. It shows that collaborative learning in widely accepted and very commonly practiced across the globe; In primary classrooms throughout the UK, it is standard practice for children to sit around grouped tables usually with four to six children in each group. Such arrangements are also common in primary schools in other English-speaking countries, Australia and USA for example. Precisely because this configuration is so normal and so well established in our schools, it is unusual to ask about its rationale or to question its appropriateness [Hastings Wood, 2002]. An abstract written from an experiment conducted by Gillies and Ashman, One hundred and ninety-two Grade 6 children participated in a study which compared the effects on behavioural interactions and achievement of (a) cooperative learning in which group members were trained to collaborate to facilitate each others learning, and (b) cooperative learning in which members were not trained but were merely told to help each other. Stratified random assignment of participants occurred so that each gender-balanced group consisted of one high-, two medium-, and one low-ability studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Gillies Ashman, 1999). The observations showed that the students who worked in the Trained groups where more responsive and helpful to each other, giving explanations where necessary to assist as they worked together. It showed that students in the untrained groups were a lot less helpful towards or cooperative with each other. From the results it was also concluded that the children in the trai ned groups exercised more autonomy with their learning and obtained higher learning outcomes than untrained peers (Gillies Ashman, 1999). This study is one of the many to attest to the success of group work. Despite some drawbacks Collaborative learning has numerous benefits, as is explained, ranging from academic to physiological and it implementation in primary schools is quite a positive move. Students at the primary school level are quite impressionable and there is no better time for them to develop the very valuable competences that working in a group has to offer. At the primary school level they are mature enough to have an understanding of what group work requires. Many of the studies conducted were centralized around childhood developments. Students who can successfully work in groups from the primary school level are usually better equipped for when entering higher level learning institutions. They would have learnt to comfortably relate with peers and adults, such as teachers or other authority figures, they would have learnt the value of self-expression and self-explanation, actively listen and respect the views of others. These students realize that as individuals we have d ifferent backgrounds, experiences and traditions and as such may have diverging approaches to the same problem. These students will also be better able to differentiate between the need to work collaborative and the need to work competitively and in so doing will know when best to apply the respective approaches. This research has revealed that both the teachers and the students play a pivotal role in the success of collaborative learning. Teachers are not expected to only assign tasks and sit back while the students work on their own. Teachers must play an active role throughout the process. They must plan for the assignment with clearly structured tasks that will promote collaborative interactions, promote interdependency and stimulate cognitive thinking among students. Teacher must monitor the process providing ongoing feedback and be readily able to resolve conflicts should they arise. Teachers should be able to actively scaffold their students, knowing when their support is needed and that it should gradually be withdraw. Students in order to successfully achieve their objectives in groups must appreciate the benefits of group work. They must have a clear understanding of the desired objective and the sub-task requirement to successfully achieve the objective. They must be able to actively and reflectively listen to each other and utilize creativity and objectivity to work positively together. In so doing they will learn to foster positive work attitudes with others, thereby improving on their interpersonal skills as they prepare for the work world. Appendix 1 Three Constructivist Design Models [1] 1. The Learning Cycle 2. The Learning Step developed by George W. Gagnon. Jr. and Michelle Collay 3. The Information Construction (ICON) model created by Robert O. McClintock and John B. Black, and is very similar to Dillenbourg and Schneider. Appendix 2 Table 1: Forms of Cooperative Groups[2] NAME OF GROUP WHAT IS THIS? WORKS BEST FOR BENEFITS DRAWBACKS Pair-share 2 students with one problem share their ideas or questions. Each person speaks, listens, gives feedback. Content that requires discussion, reflection, or explanation. Increased engagement time, Helps those who are shy Fewer perspectives and solutions Jigsaw Each member of the small group researches one part of the question /content for a certain amount of time. The members of the group come back together. Each member teaches his/her part to the rest of the group. Content with four or five parts to research. Students gain teaching and research skills Some students feel pressured by a time limit Split-class discussion The class is split into half. Each side discusses /debates their knowledge /beliefs, etc. Debates or discussions Students may change their opinion or develop a different perspective Some students may speak less with such a large group. Random groups of 3 Class is split into groups of 3. The groups discuss the topic. Predicting what will happen, responding to a situation. Receive a variety of feedback, group members are accountable Easy to leave out or team up against a shy student or one who has a different opinion Ability/Interest/Friendship Group Students are divided into groups based on some quality that they all have in common. Creating plays/skits or an activity in which students must work together outside of class. Students can work at a pace that best suits them, students are rarely bored and often motivated It is unrealistic to find a completely homogeneous group, weaker or unpopular students may be excluded. Diversity Groups Students are formed into groups where they come from a wide variety of backgrounds, interests, etc. Exploring geography, history, and diverse lifestyles. There are many opportunities to gain different perspectives Minorities may become alienated Multi-aged groups Students are divided into groups in which there are a mixture of ages Older students teaching younger students (i.e. science experiments). Older students- there is less pressure to compete with peers, Younger students fell important that an older person is spending time with them Older students may be a bad influence; Older students may not know how to work with a younger child or an at risk student Peer-led Conferences Students prepare and lead a discussion of material with parents, instructors, students, etc. A major project in which students set up stations for several intelligences. Students get the opportunity to authentically teach, students learn self confidence. Students whose parents are inactive in the school may be alienated from those whose parents participate; some students may not be involved in interactions. Notes: These diagrams were obtained from: http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/implementation_sub1.html This table was obtained from: http://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/index.php?title=Cooperative_Learning#Frequently_Asked_Questions_about_Cooperative_Learning

Figuresof The Early America :: essays research papers

Thaddeus Stevens-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The U.S. Representive from Pennsylvania who was the creator of the 14th amendment was a big figure in the young United States. He was born in1792. His schooling was very impressive and he became known for his background in law. Mr. Stevens practiced law in Gettysburg and Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He was a very hard and definite person when it came to justice and he even helped defeat a bill abolishing the state’s public school system and was a proponent of a protective tariff. When Stevens was in congress he was a Whig but also was totally against slavery. He was one of the leading organizers in the Republican party coming about and a very powerful figure in the American Civil War. Stevens really didn’t have a lot of love for the south because Stevens in the House and Charles Sumner in the Senate were totally against President Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction. In Steven’s eyes, the Southern states that were won needed to be the center and treated as â€Å"conquered states† as he stated. Not only this but he was a big advocate in bringing up charges to impeach Andrew Jackson. Finally, he was one of the persons responsible in getting many rights for African Americans rights by creating the 14th amendment which states â€Å"that all people born or naturalized in the United States are American citizens and citizens of their state of residence...† Andrew Carnegie-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This great Scottish man was born in his native on November 25, 1835. Mr. Carnegie was an iron/steel manufacture and a Philanthropist. Many people do not know that he was friends with some of the elite Americans such as Matthew Arnold, Mark Twain, William Gladstone and Theodore Roosevelt. In 1848, Carnegie’s family immigrated from his native to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from there he went from a regular boy to becoming a telegraph operator. There after he helped in the Civil War by helping to drastically improve the Union Army’s communication. He was the creator of the Keystone Bridge Company which made iron and steel. This man came from nothing then became something in the land of opportunities. By the 1900s the Carnegie Steel Company was making one fourth of all steel in the United States, there after he sold his company for $250 million. When he sold his company he retired and just began writing books and dona ting a lot of money.

Essay example --

Paternalism John Stuart Mills is wrong when it comes to his rejection of paternalism. Mills is taking a position that is in line with that of classical liberalism which in many ways is in opposition to paternalism. This ideology only acknowledges the individual and does not take in account the larger society. Many do not like to be told what is right when it deals with something that does not affect anyone but themselves. The issue with this is that individuals are part of something. They are part of a family, community, city and nation. The impact of those choices might be seen as insignificant and not have relevance outside of their own lives but it is a small picture view and forgets about the big picture. Mills is right that paternalism is taking away liberties but those liberties affect others in ways that a person might see. Society should act as a parent to its individuals because they could cause weakness or issues that go beyond the realm of one’s own household. According to the harm principle that Mills seems to be a supporter of, hard drug bans are justifiable because drug usage does effect more than just the user in many ways. Most drug bans are in response to some perceived negative that the lawmakers saw and wanted to prevent or stop. There are times in history the reason for the ban was less than just but as a holistic perspective most of the time the substances caused problems that had very negative effects on communities. Many times, the purchase of the product comes from an illegitimate source. South American drug cartels and the Mexican cartels that many times transport the product across the border in the United States undermine the rule of law and public safety in those nations including the Unite... ... not fundamentally different when looking at the larger perspective from banning drugs like cocaine. Cocaine addiction and the other issues in this essay are all issues that different groups of people say should be individual liberties but have real impact negatively on the society around them. The issues of paternalism is that could be abused and made into tyrannical regime as Mill fears but there is a large difference from telling a motorcycle rider to wear a helmet to telling people they cannot voice political opinion. The argument is guilty of the slippery slope fallacy. As long the system has stated rights that cannot be infringed like the constitution does the in the United States this that slide to tyranny should be prevented in a society that is rooted by the concept of rule of law. We do not just exist as individuals but also as parts of society.

Visual Imagery in The English Patient, by Michael Ondaatje Essay

Every writer uses a different set of methods, known as the narrative mode, to portray the plot to the audience for individual reasons. In the first section of â€Å"The English Patient†, Michael Ondaatje uses his narrative mode in order to more effectively convey his message in an appealing way. One way he does this is by presenting the reader with visual images and vivid description that trigger their imagination. His use of visual imagery, description, and pronouns to present the settings, and to describe people and their actions is part of his narrative mode. By eschewing the names of characters, and creating these images, he is calling attention to the small details in the text, which helps convey his message. A visual image, if well described, is particularly an exciting and eye-catching moment for the reader. In â€Å"The English Patient,† Ondaajte uses the following image to describe the English patient’s condition: â€Å"Above the shins the burns are worst. Beyond purple. Bone† (3). Ondaajte uses the words â€Å"beyond purple,† and â€Å"bone† not only to show the reader the extent of the Engli...

Adaptation Evaluation Essay

Tom Bombadil: Add sense of mysteriousness. Boromir’s confession: Proud, arrogant warrior The â€Å"Spirit† of LOTR: Was it kept? Improvements. A new power has arisen. All must unite or fall divided. This is the story of the Lord of the Rings. The ring of power, forged in secret by the dark Lord Sauron contained all of the might, malice and power of the Dark Lord. Its wearer would be invisible and almost invincible, but it would corrupt the heart of anyone who wore it. Lord of the Rings is a typical good vs. evil story. This time, however, good is losing badly. The Dark Lord’s forces will soon overcome all of Middle Earth, but there is one glint of hope for the forces of Good. Because the Dark Lord Sauron made the ring of power, his life is bound to it. If Good can prevent defeat for long enough so that the ring can be destroyed, Sauron shall be overcome. However, the ring of power can only be destroyed where it was made – deep in Sauron’s realm. This means that hope is in speed and secrecy, not force. A fellowship of the ring is formed and the quest is begun. The Lord of The Rings: The Fellowship of the ring is the first part of the trilogy, which shows how the fellowship evades the servants of the Dark Lord and how the fellowship eventually breaks. A mighty warrior, Boromir is a member of the fellowship. He is lured by the temptation of power and tries to steal the ring. He does not fully understand that the ring corrupts any wearer. He is then asked by other members of the fellowship as to whether he has done anything, but he refuses doing anything wrong due to his arrogance. In the film, the plot is changed so that Boromir does try to take the ring, but he confesses everything. This was a major change as Boromir is meant to be a proud and arrogant human – the author J. R. R. Tolkien always shows most humans as easily corrupted. A large omission was Tom Bombadil. He was a â€Å"father of the forest† type man who has powers of song and looks after the ring bearer. Tolkien added him to add a sense of mysteriousness to Lord of the Rings – nobody knew who he was or where he came from. This was missed out in the film. Characters like him really did help the spirit of Lord of the Rings. Form one point of view; the film did not keep the spirit of Lord of the Rings at all. Parts were missed out and some of the film seemed like a traditional Good vs. Bad film – the beauty of Tolkien was that he took well known types of book and added a slight change, but meant that the whole plot would be different. For example, in the Hobbit, Bilbo Baggins goes on a quest to retrieve dwarven treasure. However, he does not want to go and as a result ends up doing a better job of getting the treasure than if he had wanted the treasure. This is the reason why keeping the spirit of Lord of the Rings is so important, Lord of the Rings is unique. However, the film of Lord of the Rings has kept a large part of the spirit. It swings my emotions better than the book did and each character looked almost exactly as I imagined them to be. Because films need a great plot to be good, the director (Peter Jackson) has taken the good parts and made them great – he has really concentrated on the right parts. The film however was a bit too different from the book at times and too close at others. For example, there is an â€Å"I’m dead, oh no I’m not† scene part which was fine in the book, but should have been changed in the film. Another change that should have taken place was the fact that elves are shown as a dying any fading race in the Lord of the Rings film. In the book, elves couldn’t die and the elves simply were leaving the land, not dying out. This was probably shown to make humans seem better. In conclusion, the Lord of the Rings film made great use of an excellent plot and unusual story. I think that the film was very good, but there was a small amount of room for improvement.

Comparison Paragraph

In the short story â€Å"Two Kinds† by Amy Tan, with the use of epiphany and turning points the reader is able to see the protagonist’s growth and change in personality throughout the story. The protagonist, Jing-Mei and her mother emigrated from China to the US, thus the family struggled in adapting to the new culture and lifestyle. Heavily influenced by the opportunities and hopes with a new life in US, Jing-Mei’s mother wanted Jing-Mei to become a prodigy like the other girls on television. Jing-Mei was determined and eager to prove to her mother she was a prodigy, and thereby had full confidence in herself. She believed â€Å"[her] mother and father would adore [her and she’d be] beyond reproach. † (pg4). As Jing-Mei’s mother quizzed Jing-Mei with countless questions and tests, Jing-Mei started getting frustrated by her mother’s disappointments and â€Å"something inside [her] began to die† (pg 5). But at the same time when she stood in front of the mirror â€Å"the girl staring back at [her] was angry, powerful. † (pg 5) and she saw â€Å"what seemed to be [a] prodigy inside of [her]† (pg 5). Jing-Mei’s mother then encouraged Jing-Mei to play piano and perform in a talent show. When Jing-Mei’s turn came, she was confident and thought â€Å"without a doubt, that the prodigy inside of [her] really did exist† (pg 7). However, as she started playing â€Å"[she] was surprised when [she] hit the first wrong note. And then hit another and another† (pg 7). In the end, Jing-Mei’s performance was nothing like she expected she â€Å"felt the shame of [her] mother and father as they sat stiffly through the rest of the show† (pg 7). After the talent show, Jing-Mei’s was devastated and decided she was never going to play piano anymore; she could never be the prodigy or daughter her mother wants her to be. As a consequence Jing-Mei starts to follow her own path, she â€Å"did not believe [that she] could be anything [she] wanted to be, [she] could only be [her]† (pg 9). She blamed most of her misery on her mother. This this significance change in attitude portrays profoundly how turning points in life alters a person’s perspective and persona. Short story â€Å"The Stolen Party† by Liliana Hecker similarly shows how turning points can change in the way a person view things and their initial personality. In â€Å"Stolen Party† the protagonist, Rosaura just like Jing-Mei had full confidence in herself. She believed she was invited to a party as a guest, she firmly declares â€Å"[she’s] been invited because Luciana is [her] friend† (pg 11). However, her mother, who is a maid for Luciana’s family warns Rosaura that Luciana â€Å"is not [her] friend† (pg 11) and that Rosaura is only recognized as the ‘maid’s daughter’. Her mother also advises Rosaura not to go the part because it’s a â€Å"rich people’s party† (pg 11). Rosaura disregards her mother and attends the party anyways. At the party, Rosaura is treated like a guest and asked to participate in the activities, she also received a delightful compliment from the magician. This made Rosaura proud and encouraged. When the party ended, Senora Ines were gaving out pink and blue bags to the the guests at the party. Roasaura expected Senora Ines to also hand her the goodie, but when it was her turn â€Å"Senora Ines didn't look in the pink bag. Nor did she look in the blue bag. Instead she rummaged in her purse. In her hand appeared two bills. † (pg 14). Rosaura has an epiphany, she realizes she wasn’t invited as a guest to the party, but rather as a servant to help out like a â€Å"[Senora Ines’] pet† (pg 14). Just like Jing-Mei, Rosaura’s perspective changes instantly. She suddenly understands what her mother has been trying to teach her and is now well aware of her position and social status, and so she â€Å"instinctively press herself against her mother’s body† (pg 14) for support. This shows the difference in her initial personality. In conclusion, in â€Å"Two Kinds† and â€Å"The Stolen Party† the protagonist’s turning points and epiphanies play a significant role in the altering of their perspective and persona.

ACLE Season 2: Speak Out! Essay

Last January 24, 2013, classes were suspended beyond 12 pm by the chancellor, to give the students a chance to attend one of the lectures of ACLE or Alternative Classroom Learning Experience. I was able to attend the lecture organized by the Geographic Society of the University of the Philippines (GSUP), a non-profit non-partisan academic organization composed of undergraduate students dedicated to promote the discipline of geography in the Philippines. The title of the lecture was, ‘Cyberspace: the Geography of Social Media’. It was about how the internet is connected with reality, what our responsibilities are when using the internet, and learning how to express ourselves. There were five invited speakers. First was Johnson Damian, a geography instructor in UP Diliman. Second was Sam Gogna, or popularly known as ‘Samyg’, a radio DJ of Magic 89.9 and a TV host. Third was Lloyd Cadena, a student of Colegio de San Juan de Letran taking up BA Financial Managem ent, who is now famous on Youtube because of his comedic videos. Fourth was Joyce Pring, a student of UP Diliman from the College of Fine Arts taking up Visual Communication, who was once a vj on myx, a music channel. The last was Xeres Guia, a TV host. The lecture was held at Palma Hall, room 108-110. There were several points on the lecture that caught my attention. One was when Johnson Damian said that the internet is a place of self expression. You can be you, or not you. This means that in real life you may be anti-social, but in the internet the spotlight’s on you. I agree with this point of his. Many of us have the guts to say whatever we want to say in the internet, but we keep our mouths shut in the real life. Another was when Sam Gogna said that everything is possible through the internet. I agree with him because the internet is such vast place. Nowadays, you can connect with your loved ones from the other countries easily. You can order food when you’re hungry just by simply clicking. He also said that to be an influencer, you have to be interesting. It’s true because how can you possibly influence somebody when you’re dull, and the things you say are irrelevant. Another point was when Lloyd Cadena said that we should know our responsibilities when using the internet. A lot of people can see what we do on the internet. They may use it for us or against us. We have to be careful with the things we say. We may not be aware of it but there are young children who might see our posts that contain profanity, and we would not want to be a bad influence to them. The last point was when Joyce Pring said that the biggest fires start with the smallest sparks. This is true especially in social networks. Social networks help us connect with people who are far away from us, but these may also be the reason on why relationships get ruined. One comment of yours would be the cause of a huge argument. Overall, I really enjoyed the lecture. Besides the fact that the invited speakers were people which I’m a fan of, I definitely learned a lot. It was also very entertaining. Most of the time I was laughing. Although with the venue, it would have been better if it was held in a bigger room, since the speakers invited are very much known. It was definitely a full house. And I’m glad that I came early or else I’d be standing the whole time.

Losing Weight: Lifetime and Commitment

Dieting Is a hard task to do If you do not have the right tools to accomplish It Besides there is so many diets and exercise regimes out there in today's world that it is enough to confuse a person. It Is going to be a challenge and a personal goal for some people. How about you? Do you want to make a life time change to get your body, mind and soul on track and plus keep off for life, too? It is all about making a life change in helping people get control of there body and emotions and well-being.Many overweight people have other deficiencies in there body for they are not eating he right foods and getting the right nutrients to satisfy there bodies. They are usually nervous, irritable, moody, depressed, and feel sluggish all the time of which makes them not think clearly and have little or no energy to do there dally tasks In life. When people do not have a balanced diet and exercise regime they are constantly hungry and feel sluggish. Remember you have choices In life so make the right choice.By making a life time change and commitment to change bad habits and exercise will help anyone have positive results as live longer and maintain weight. First, you need to have a goal as to how much weight you want or need to lose. So you need to set the goal but do not set a time limit and give your self adequate time to reach it. Take as many steps as possible to reach that ultimate goal. You and everyone else can do this if you Just keep your eyes focused on the goal.People should really go too quiet place and really search down deep in side your self if you have the guts to do it or not and the commitment in doing this for there body and mind and soul. So think about if you really want this and then go do it for yourself. It would not hurt togged kind of a support team to help keep you titivated and then when It gets rough sometimes and you want to quit you will have this and won't give up. You could go to friends, loved ones, churches, diet groups and maybe come up with one but you do need to choose one. Choosing one will help give support when needed and enjoyment through your program that you chose.Rather a team Is better than one to help you reach your goals In life. Secondly, you need to choose a diet and exercise program to start to reach that ultimate goal. To find the right diet take a look at your body and analyze it to see what you need to work on In order to reach your goal. Do some research on it. Like look up different diets and chose one and same goes for the exercise program It Is actually what ever fits that person but to tell you the truth I personally found a diet after doing the Atkins Diet that really works and keeps you satisfied all day.I found that the Atkins Diet was high in fats that can raise your cholesterol and lead more to heart disease. It would keep your blood pressure up and definitely is not good for your body. We all know that none of this Is good for they don't care about there persons or natural sugar that o we not harm you. These are suppose to work together for you to lose weight. Len the Atkins Diet you only lose up to approximately 10 lbs. A month compared to the Venetian Wellness Diet.The Venetian Wellness Diet where you can eat all day long and feel full and not be Irritable. It Is all with good wholesome food and filling content with it. You still eat protein, veggies, fruits, and not breads of pasta or rice not unless It Is brown. Most of the foods maybe organic It will give It a more natural 1 OFF feeling and better tort you to eat. The change is g tort the wellness tort your body. You limit your dairy and your portions are a filling size. You are choosing your foods in a differently manner.The pounds will soon start slipping off and you will start feeling different inside to and with incorporating a exercise regime into helping you lose weight you will be helping complete your goal. You might want to do some more research on exercise you are going to chose for you self to do. Maybe you can do aerobics, swim aerobics, walking or doing a little of everything put together at least three times to five times a week. So with these tools you will be able to keep the eight off and get there body in shape.Finally it is all about making a long life commitment and life change for yourself. The Venetian Wellness Diet will do Just that for you. You can eat all day and not feel hungry and with exercising you will have all the tools you need to achieve that life time goal and commitment for life. All of this will get your body in shape emotionally and psychologically balanced in your life. So lust don't think you will have these tools your whole life to use and that meaner that you are making your body balanced and ready to fight the world out there with your new life commitment and change.After using this diet and exercise you will have a new level s of well-being in your life and energy you thought you never had before. With the Venetian Wellness Diet and the exercis ing regime that you chose you will experience this only if you commit too life change . Just watch you transform and with these tools you will be able to reach your goal. You have to be religious and passionate about yourself to do this. So make that life time long commitment and change to change your body for yourself and complete that goal. Get going now and make that change and commitment in your life for a lifetime.

Internet in our life Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Internet in our life - Research Paper Example Internet is used by people of all ages and internet happens to positively as well as negatively impact all its users. Whether an individual is being impacted in a positive or a negative manner by internet is dependent on how they use it. This writing will focus upon the various negative effects associated with the use of internet and the various solutions that can either completely diminish or restrict those negative effects. Body Psychological Impact of Internet The youth as well as the adults of the society have become too much involved in internet usage. They happen to use internet at all times. They have gained internet access on the Smartphone, computers, schools and universities. In simpler terms youth have become addicted to internet and their addiction towards internet is similar to the addiction towards drugs and alcohol. According to Young, internet addiction has been recognized as a psychological issue and this addiction is causing similar problems that are caused due to s ubstance abuse and drug abuse (Young 240). These problems include: issues with family relations, issues at work and others. One of the major concerns of internet use is the violent content that is available over the internet for free. Online internet games, movies, songs and videos are all examples of mediums that offer violent content. This content is directly in the access of children who have a habit to imitate what they observe over the internet and due to this content child tend to behave in aggressive manner in the real world. According to Anderson, when children are exposed to violent content they tend to acquire what they see and tend to behave in the same manner in the real world (Anderson 354). Social Development Impacted by Internet Internet does not only impact the psychological development of individuals, it even negatively impacts the social development of people of all ages. Excessive use of computers and internet has the ability to ruin an individual’s social relationships in the real world, although their relationships in the virtual world may strengthen. For example: children and especially the teenage population tend to create and maintain relationships in the virtual world, tend to ignore their relationships in the actual physical world and due to this their relationship with their significant others (parents and friends) tend to deteriorate (Subrahmanyam 135). Secondly, there are children and individuals who perceive that their computers are better friends to them as compared to human friends and they tend to spend more time with computers rather than peers and this deteriorates their interpersonal skills. As stated earlier in the section of psychological impact of internet of this paper, online internet games and content makes children behave in a violent manner in the real world. Due to this violent behavior their relationships with their significant others is damaged and they are seen as anti-social individuals by members of thei r society. According to Murphy, the youth that conducted the event recognized as Columbine High School Shooting Massacres were addicted to violent video games and that had promoted them to get involved in the shootings (Murphy 1). Internet and Academic Performance Computer usage and academic performance has been perceived to be positively linked with each other, but this is not always the case in all instances. Children do not only use internet for the advancement of their knowledge. They

Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Writing - Essay Example The system accepts one’s driving license as a proof of citizenship. This move may result into many states adopting the feature into their systems; though debate keeps ranging on whether the judges shall rule against or for the case. The authorities in the state say that they shall be alert to prove on what the law stands for in Alabama. In the meantime, the A-L program will continue being effective. In the news, Elliott (2009) continues to argue that the Representative of the Revenue Department, Julie Magee is said to be very optimistic on this move to stop the earlier non-compliance concerns in the Immigration Department. Magee is quoted saying that she might not really know much on the expenditure of the A-L verify system but is very aware that the functioning of the system will benefit Alabama in a great way, from her explanation on how the system works. It may be too late for the law to restrain the move as it has already been implemented in a way, and is functioning really well. With the Hispanic population standing at about a hundred and forty five, just a minute section of the population, judge Blackburn is said to rule on the Alabama case. It is evident that the financial burden on the shoulders of the populace has been too heavy. Though the law might affect so many farmers negatively, through discouragement of the Hispanic population working on the farms, the Alabama citizens are extremely eager to get away with the

Economics for Lawyers (Law and Economics) Essay

Economics for Lawyers (Law and Economics) - Essay Example This is not the case in real interactions between firms. In order to dissect the concept further it would be pertinent to explore different points of views on the firm and its unique position in the market. The views of Coase, Penrose and finally Richardson will be explored in this paper in order to see how firms interact to form market structures and how these structures require the assistance of the law. 2. Defining The Firm Within the perspective of business, a firm can simply be seen as an organisation that is involved in the provision of goods and services or a combination of both to consumers1. Here it must be kept in mind that the work of such an organisation is determined by market consumption otherwise this definition would fit other organisations as well such as military organisations and the like. Therefore, the actions of a firm can be seen as being driven through competition in the market that requires the efforts of a team. Another major consideration to look into over here is the basic unit that composes the domain of economic activities. Firms are conglomerations of people who are geared to a common purpose namely the creation of economic value. In themselves, firms are actually composed of individuals and so individuals must be the basic unit of economic activity. ... This idea has been espoused by Coase who adds another dimension to hiring the services of other individuals. 2.1. Coase’s Ideas on The Nature of the Firm The earliest ideas as to why firms exist in an economy were presented by Coase2 in his article The Nature of the Firm (1937). It was recognised well before Coase’s ideas that firms existed but there had been little investigation into their need for existence. There was a visible change in emphasis of the dominant economic theory after the First World War. Analysis tended to shift from the level of industry (which relied in large part on market analysis) to the level of individual firms. This move can be attributed to a change in thinking over perfect competition. Previously perfect competition was seen as an effective model to delineate how firms behaved. Up till this point in time the emphasis of the economic theory had been to study the markets in order to understand their behaviour. There had been little work on und erstanding reasons as to why firms existed. In themselves, markets are guided Coase holds that in a perfect market, that is efficient, it would make sense to contract out services rather than hiring people. In Coase’s time the traditional theory of economics provided that entities that were best at providing goods or services were already providing these goods and services because the market was efficient. This would then have the implication that any entrepreneur looking for goods and services would tend to contract out goods and services to the best providers3. However, the actual market practice was just the opposite – entrepreneurs looked to hire people instead of contracting out services. It is only in recent years that outsourcing has

Annotated bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Annotated Bibliography Example B. & HÃ ¶glund, A. T. (2008). Physicians’ and nurses’ perceptions of patient involvement in myocardial infarction care. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 7 (2), 113 – 120. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcnurse.2007.05.005 From the background of the role of patients’ involvement in improving outcomes in healthcare, these researchers determine the behavior and perception of physicians and nurses with regards to acute MI patients’ involvement. Having conducted a questionnaire study among cardiology staff from 12 Swedish hospitals, the research showed no significant variation in the responses of both physicians and nurses. They considered time constraints and being unsure of how to communicate with patients as their hindrance to promoting patient involvement. Therefore, the article advocates for proper staffing and education on communication skills as key components of ensuring effective care and management of MI patients. In this article, Bakan and Akyol (2008) document their research that sought to examine Roy Adaptation Model, RAM on adaptation of heart failure patients. RAM is an approach that appreciates nursing’s biobehavioral knowledge as balancing between the understanding of a person as both a thinking and a physiologic in a physical environment and feeling the human experience in cosmic world. The findings indicate that RAM improved the quality of life of heart failure or MI patients, their functional capacities and social support. Thus, the article concludes by advocating for RAM as an effective approach that nurses need to adopt when caring for MI patients. Fortin, C., Dupuis, G., Marchand, A. & D’Antono, B. (2013). Chronic post-traumatic stress following a myocardial infarction: Prevalence and detection in hospital setting. Journal of Depression and Anxiety, 2 (1), 133 – 139. doi: 10.4172/2167-1044.1000132 This article is important in showing the role of nurses during the period of patients’ recovery from

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Report - Essay Example The company is headquartered at London, United Kingdom. The telecommunication giant started its operation as Racial Telecom in the year 1983 but the British telecommunication company changed their name to Vodafone in the year 1991 (Vodafone, 2012). The company has established its presence in continents like Asia, Europe, USA, Oceania and Africa. Total employee base of the company is more than 80,000. Global subscriber base for the company is over 350 millions (Vodafone, 2010). Vodafone focuses on developing its product portfolio in periodic manner in order to meet multidimensionality of ever changing consumer demand. For example, the company has implemented new facilities such as shopping order tracking from mobile phone in order to attract attention of online shoppers. The British telecommunication company faces competition from companies like BT Mobile, One Tel, Virgin and many others. Vodafone has earned sales revenue of $71.81billion in the year 2012 and market capitalization of the company is $ 127.18 billion (Yahoo Finance, 2013). Telecommunication industry in the world is going through a transitional phases, telecom companies are slowly moving towards synchronizing internet service with telecom services altogether in order to meet customer demand. Three key trends of the industry have forced telecom companies to rethink about adopting e-business model in order to reduce the cost of providing service. Evolution of Internet Entrust (2001) has reported that, internet usage in B2C & B2B transactions will increase threefold in next 15 years, which means by 2015, e-business will contribute more than half of the global transaction. Demand for Data BBC (2011) had reported that global data demand will rise to more than 400 exabytes within 2013 and companies need to use online business model in order to store such huge databases. Social networking, web browsing and online shopping produce huge amount of data, companies need to use the online platform in order to c hannelize these data properly for generating revenue. Demand for Convenient Service In modern world, both B2B and B2C customers prefer faster and convenient transactions in order perform strategic and non-strategic functions. These customers want to be empowered with faster internet access and real time data monitoring, telecom companies need to implement e-business model in order to fulfil increased demand for convenience among mobile users. The essay will propose a holistic e-business model for Vodafone. Next part of the essay will discuss theoretical framework of the proposed e-business model. Research scholars such as Dierickx & Cool (1989), Rumelt (1986), Grant (1991) and Barney (1986) have argued that, firms need to increase their resource capability such as technological integration capability, developing tangible assets etc in order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage over competitors. Porter (1980, 1985) had stated that, companies need to use competitive advantage as a source for ensuring sustainability of business operation. It is evident from the scholarly works of various research scholars,

Interest and goal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interest and goal - Essay Example Other general job requirements of aviation management are similar to general management. As an aviation management I will need to establish communication with both junior level and senior level staff as I will be responsible for the supervision of overall functioning of the airport. I will also need to plan and organize different job levels. As an aviation manager I will also be responsible for decision making and financial budgeting, and looking after the health and safety of all employees. Initially, when I had completed my school and was about to join college I was not sure about my future career. I joined college with the goal of becoming electronics engineer since I was quite proficient in mathematics and physics. Although I had great interest in aviation industry I was not sure whether there were enough opportunities in the field of aeronautics. As I was studying electronics, my interest gradually shifted to aircrafts and aviation management. I began to take time off for subscribing to and reading journals and magazines on aviation industry, flight management and airport activities. Management as profession is very common in my family. My father, my brother and also most of my cousins are in this profession. There is lot of potential in this profession along with lucrative salary. Even as a kid I was interested in making different kind of airplane models with paper and my room was always littered with paper models. I used to be fascinated by sci-fi movies based on space and travel. My favorite move is the 1977 American movie Star Wars which tells the story of freedom fighters who plot and successfully destroy a space station which had the capability of destroying the earth. My interest struck on aeronautics since it is all about aircrafts to cars and ships, and includes designing and maintenance of the same. However, when the time came to choose my profession, my focus shifted more to the management aspect rather than the technical aspect. As an

Does NY stop and frisk reduce crime Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Does NY stop and frisk reduce crime - Term Paper Example believe that the policy on â€Å"stop and frisk† has been quite effective in terms of reducing crime (Mac Donald, 2012). New York is not the only city that has tried to implement the â€Å"stop and frisk† policy. To make the criminals feel apprehended at the time of government election in 2008, the police department of Philadelphia also implemented the same policy. A couple of years after the Mayor’s election, the incidence of murder was significantly reduced by up to 22% (Lamberth, 2012). Answering the question â€Å"Does NY stop and frisk reduce crime?† is not easy to answer due to the fact that the real factor that could increase or decrease in the crime rate is very complex. Although Philadelphia mentioned that there was a 22% reduction in the number of reported murder, this figure does not necessarily mean that the process of implementing the â€Å"stop and frisk† policy was the root cause behind the decreasing trend in murder cases. In fact, Lamberth (2012) mentioned that the state of Philadelphia was already experiencing a decrease in the number of murder cases since 2006. Up to the present time, there is no scientific evidence that can prove that the process of implementing â€Å"stop and frisk† policy is effective in terms of reducing crime. The fact that the "black pedestrians were stopped at a rate that is 50 percent greater than their representation in the residential census" makes this policy develop racism and prejudism in New York (Neumeister, Hays, & Gross, 2012). Gardiner, S., & Saul, M. (2012, June 20). The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 22, 2012, from New Panel Examines Police Tactics : http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303703004577476980483677206.html Lamberth, J. (2012). Retrieved July 22, 2012, from The Effectiveness of Stop and Frisk in the United States:

Benefits and Negatives of Bankruptcy Essay Example for Free

Benefits and Negatives of Bankruptcy Essay Bankruptcy is briefly defined as a process in which debtor obtains relief from his/her debts through the court. The relief varies in form and it includes full partial discharge of the debt or the nuisance of an imbursement plan consistent with the debtor’s financial means. (Larson, 2000) Types of bankruptcy vary according to its function. One of the most common types of bankruptcy is â€Å"Chapter 7† or â€Å"Straight Bankruptcy† or â€Å"Liquidation. † This is also known as Personal Bankruptcy. Another is â€Å"Chapter 11†, which is primarily used by businesses. There is also â€Å"Chapter 13† or â€Å"Wage-Earner Bankruptcy. † Finally, â€Å"Chapter 20† bankruptcy is the process of filing of a â€Å"Chapter 7† bankruptcy to discharge unsecured debts, followed by â€Å"Chapter 13. † (Larson, 2000) Because of the robberies and troubles with the call center, the call center might file bankruptcy, in which it has already owed the firm over $40,000,000. In this case, we are in tasked of finding the consequences of the call center filing bankruptcy. What are the benefits and negatives if the call center will file bankruptcy? Brown and Seeyle emphasized that bankruptcy is neither a personal nor an emotional decision. Rather, it is a financial decision based on the amount of debt and the present ability to repay debts. When the expected time period of repayment exceeds the time it would take to rebuild credit, just like in the call center’s case, then it is the time to consider bankruptcy. At this place in time, the call center has accumulated more debt than they can be able to repay in the near future. The call center will possibly benefit greatly from filing bankruptcy. This will be debt-free start. By filing bankruptcy, the call center has the chance to rebuild and re-establish their credit in line with the law. (Brown Seelye, 2008) Meanwhile, there is a widely held misconception of Bankruptcy in which Ben Franklin from Franklin Debt Relief explained, wherein â€Å"it’s the debtor’s version of the â€Å"get out of jail free† card in Monopoly. † Most people know that bankruptcy affects credits for 7-10 years; little did they know that they may have to pay back the debt anyway. Franklin stated the formal definition of bankruptcy as â€Å"a proceeding in federal court in which an insolvent debtor’s assets are liquidated and the debtor is relieved of further liability. † It may also come out as â€Å"the process of completing your debts for free. † (Franklin, 2008) In this manner, the call center, even with bankruptcy, still have to pay back portion of the debt. The call center, in any circumstances, may avoid filing bankruptcy. The most possible solution is that the Call center’s assets be sold to earn sufficient funds and later pay the firm. However, if the firm may prove that the call center has intentions of not paying the firm, then it’s the best way for the call center not to file bankruptcy. The call center will still have to pay the firm back. Chapter 7 Bankruptcy or straight bankruptcy, a popular form of bankruptcy, permits the defaulter to start all over again. This is generally filed by those who have not any enough funds to pay for their debt. If the call center has no hope in paying their debts to the law firm, then they should file Chapter 7 Bankruptcy. However, this may ruin their credits and they will still be responsible for their debt. They will also pay attorneys who will work in the case. In this case, the call center may consider filing Chapter 13. As for chapter 13, it is the reorganization of an individual consumers debt with a new payment schedule. If the call center has assets they want to protect Chapter 13 is another way. However, Chapter 13 ruins the credit. It will remain on the call center’s credit for up to 10 years. The call center, on another point, may have to consider credit counseling or a debt management agency. References Brown Seelye. The Decision to File. Washington State Law Firm. Retrieved February 1, 2008, from http://www. brownandseelye. com/bankruptcy375/thedecisiontofile. html Franklin, Ben. Avoiding Bankruptcy Franklin Debt Relief. Retrieve February 1, 2008, from http://www. franklindebtrelief. com/avoid-bankruptcy. html Larson, Aaron. (2000). Bankruptcy Law – An Overview. Law Offices of Aaron Larson. Retrieved February 1, 2008, from http://www. expertlaw. com/library/bankruptcy/bankruptcy. html Chapter 13 and 7 Bankruptcies. American Bankruptcy Courts. Retrieved February 3, 2008, from http://www. bankruptcy-courts. net. /chapter-13. html

Four Types of Organisational Structure Essay Example for Free

Four Types of Organisational Structure Essay Organising is therefore the method by which an organisation is formally controlled into divisions or operational units and the structure of the firm is established. The end product of management process is organisational structure. Organisational structure binds the all level of management personals together and brings them into proper development and co-ordination of organisation. It is tasks arrangement which is break up into a few divisions or departments and grouping it together under the management hierarchy to achieve the organisation objectives. Under the organisation structure, one single path will create to attach the tasks, work flow and communication channels between the personals and the various divisional peoples of organisation. Organisation structures smooth the progress of efficient management, direction and control. Every administration has to set up its own organisation structure for well-organized perform of business actions. An organisation structure usually represent in graphical form which is called an organisation chart. Usually, the chart illustrated in the form of vertical, horizontal or concentric to define the authority and responsibilities of personals in various levels. The chart always created according to the existing departmentalisation of organisation. In departmentalisation, each personal from different job segments will work to achieve an aim of pre-determined organisational objectives. The departmentalisation is based on five structures, which is functions, products, consumers, geographical and matrix. In these papers, we will go through the justification of four structure which is function, product, geographical and matrix with sample organisational chart on each structure. Â  Sample Organisation Chart of Functional Structure. Source: SIA Cargo Pte Ltd Functional organisation structure is the most common and logical type of business unit that adhere by companies. In this structure, people are group together based on common skills and work activities. It focuses on single service and doesn’t need frequent changes in organisational hierarchy. Base on above organisational chart, we can notify that the total organisation system is coordinating by top management. For a proficient management function, the organisation breaks up into a few departments such as marketing, engineering, technology, operational and etc. Each departments lead by a senior manager or vice president who are reporting to a single authority, top management. As the simplest approach, a functional structure sort well-defined channels of communication and influence relationship. Each department’s staff needs to report to their only functional unit’s manager and by doing this, the various business unit’s prevent any kind of misunderstanding or conflicts among them. The chart hierarchy is simplified, well-organised and the separation of tasks also well defined with layer by layer. The fewer layer of management will ease the expectation of top management and also improve the task co-ordination. Decision making process is swift and authorities in functional structure. Because of the staffs in functional structure come from similar background and perspectives, so it wills faster the process of the decision-making without waste of time. Since the every business units in structure workout in similar background, it might cluster the processing of the papers together and highly improving the knowledge sharing between co-workers. Sharing knowledge make the organisation more productive and competitive where the experience personals such as managers often coaching and mentoring the less experience personals of each units through seminar or workshop. Functional structures produce clear career hierarchy organisation members to go after. Managers within a functional structure are generally skilled within their particular unit. They were hiring to lead the units due to their tremendous performance. These managers have a better-quality skill level that facilitate make their profession easier and makes them better capable of to monitor the individual act of their team members to allocate credit, rewards and penalty accordingly. A functional structure may draw some setbacks to organisation. It controls people and assets and build up core competences. As a company develop and becomes more difficult, each function tries to retain the company’s situation. Increased order may strain manufacturing to manufacture products quick enough or in sufficient capacity may lead to control problems. When control problems arise, it also strains the situation in evaluating the cost and contribution of each function. Other drawback is communication problem. Poor communication occurs within the organisation due to subunit orientation. The top management find it hard when balancing the process of decision making between centralise function and regional managers. The top managers might disrupted by solving a daily problems and may loss focus on long term strategic issues, resulting in long term strategic direction. Â  Sample Organisation Chart of Geographical Structure. Source: SIA Cargo Pte Ltd Geographical organisation structure is usually used by big firms whose operations are spread out over a large geographical area, for instance, multinational companies which market their service worldwide. Hotel, retail, food and transportation are among the industries which is widely using the geographical structure in their management. The whole organisation will lead by a president and one person will be responsible for an each particular region. According to above SIA Cargo chart, business units were set up at six different geographic locations and each regional branch head by Regional Vice President. The branch Vice Presidents will report to Senior Vice President. The expansion of business units can be local, national or international. In geographical structure, the organisation stick on company strategies and values although operates individually. It operates as its own unit based on where it located. In this structure, each personnel from various departments have prospect to work together. Working as a group will form a strong teamwork effort and keep them in the process of planning and decision making. Beside this, everyone in the departments will have an ability to recognize the personalities and values of each individual. Close working proximity lead to decentralise the process of decision-making and make organisation to settle in rapid changes in divisional goals. In each region, a local or personnel who familiar with local business environment and culture will be employ to head the business units. It ensures that the company well understand the customer expectation and needs. Base on local knowledge, the departments heads able to create a high coordination and effective process of decision making across the functional units. The regional heads ensures the company strategies adaptable to local culture and suit to fast change in unstable environment. In divisional structure, usually the departments act as a group. It allows the responsible personnel to put on better focus in their resources and results. It also makes the performance easier to monitor the customer service quality. A personal that understand and speak the local language, will satisfy the customer expectation because the contact points are clearly explain. Customer service personnel will also have better access to personnel from other units, which can allocate them to handle the customer matters much more efficiently. With geographical structure, following the routine of individual markets and task groups is cut down, as metrics such as revenues, profit margins, costs, and routine enhancement can be attached to particular regions. It is a most important strategic advantage of this structure. Many problems might incur for the companies whom use geographical based structure. Some companies may find it complicated to run a geographic organizational structure because it duplication of works and disagreement to centralized decision-making. The top management must rely on other regional heads to take counteractive actions and look up operations rather than giving a command from the companys main office or headquarters. It may lead the company top management loss the authority in controlling the divisional units. Another limitation is expansion of knowledge. Usually, the structure does not maintain the knowledge sharing between people working in the same line of work because part of them is working in one division and the others are working in other divisions. Sample Organisation Chart of Product Structure. Source: Arla Foods Ingredients Above chart is an Arla Food Ingredients organisation chart. The chart is a product based organisation structure. Product-based structure means the regrouping of a functional structure and uses to organise employees and work on the basis of different type of products. This type structure brings together all those involved in the production skills, technical skills and marketing skills of a particular product or set of related products. Each division in structure has its own internal departments and function as self business unit. Companies that manufacture a wide variety of products such as cars and foods would find this type of structure appropriate to their organisation. Many companies tend to shift to product based structure as they expand, and as new products range are developed and new markets entered. Product based companies have no direct contact with their customers. Initially, they need to assess the market segments and develop the product from their assessment. Follow that, they must determine the price of products in line with the customer’s expectation and produce the products to sell in the market. Product based structure is also have a similar function as geographical structure. In Arla Food Ingredients, both product structure and geographical structure group together in the organisation. It will add much better clear focus on market segments and help to meets the customer’s expectation. Each division of products will be operates base on individual performance. It keeps up the positive competition between the divisions and allows the directors or managers to have better be in command of each division can act as separate profit centre. In this structure, division members are more likely to be persistent on products. It deals with the technological transform by grouping personnel with skill and their specialised equipment in one business unit. So, the division heads have a lot of control over operations and will not necessary to depend on another, separate area to get things done. The department managers will keep an eye on design and manufacturing activities, and employees become reliable to product not to function. It also allows the managers and employees to improve and expand their skills and knowledge in the organisation. The customisation of more products into division will lead to save time and cost. Decentralisation of process of decision making will facilitate rapid decision making results with effectively. It will reduce the risk of product failure and also bring on improvement in employee morale due to divisional decision making. Instead of better operational controls, the organisation can avoid the poor communication within the personnel’s which is bring to slow development of products. By the way, there is some limitation might happen when use the product base structure. An example, each product division has R;D department. When product expansion incur, number of personnel in R;D will increase. This increment will happen to each product divisions. So, it will lead to duplication of works and increase the costs of staffs. Since the divisions separately monitor, the difficulty might happen to top management to coordinating them together.